History

• The Normans tricked the English by pretending to surrender.
• The Normans waited for the English to come down which broke their wall of protection.
• The Normans attacked the English.
• The king of England Harold Godwinson had died.
• William the Conquer was now the king of England.
• Crusade: a religious war, a holy war
• The Crusades lasted 200 years and involved Christian armies setting off from England to fight for control over Jerusalem.
• Jerusalem was important for Christians as Jesus lived there and for Muslims as it is the location of the Dome of the Rock and the prophet's ascension.
• The Crusades benefitted from relationships between Muslims and Christians, providing benefits such as food, medicine, and household goods.
• People went on crusades believing that if they died, their sins would be forgiven.
• The 1st Crusade was an army of peasants led by a French priest who set off to the Holy Land.
• Almost all of the participants in the 1st Crusade were killed by Turkish forces.
• The 1st Crusade led to the creation of Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land.
• The 2nd Crusade was a campaign where Muslims had not fought as a united force, making it easier for the Crusaders to beat them.
• In 1144, the Muslims began to unite and take back the land.
• The 3rd Crusade was a European Christian attempt to retake the Crusader states in Jerusalem that had fallen to Saladin in 1187 as a result of his battle of Hattin.
• The 4th Crusade was diverted by the pope to unite the Christians under his authority and resulted in the capture of Constantinople in 1204, involving Christians fighting Christians.
• The 5th Crusade was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin.
• The 6th Crusade was marked by the arrival of Frederick II in Jerusalem and the signing of a treaty of Jaffa to put Jerusalem under Christian rule.
• The 7th Crusade was a campaign that ended in a defeat, with most of the army and king captured by the Muslims.
• Henry VII reigned for 24 years between 1485 - 1509 and was a devout Catholic, founding the Tudors.
• Henry VII died in 1509.
• Henry VIII reigned from 1509-1547 and was a Catholic who later changed to Protestant, having 6 wives and 3 children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward VI.
• Henry VIII died in 1547 at age 55.
• Henry VIII had 6 wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymore, Anne of Cleves, Katheryn Howard, and Katherine parr.
• Edward VI reigned from 1547-1553, was a Protestant, and died at age 15.
• Lady Jane Grey reigned for 9 days and was a Protestant, later sent to death and beheaded in 1554.
• Mary I reigned for 1553-1558 and was a Catholic, known as Bloody Mary, who burnt 300 people for not becoming Catholic, and died in 1558 at age 55.
• Elizabeth I reigned for 45 years and became queen in 1558, was a Protestant, never got married or had kids, and died in 1603.
• Reasons for the Civil War during King Charles I's reign:
• Key players in the Civil War:
• Key Battles: