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• What is the process by which gametes are made?

  Meiosis
• How many pairs of chromosomes are in a diploid human cell?

  23 pairs
• What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

  They are copied and then paired up
• How does meiosis contribute to variation in offspring?

  By swapping genes between paired chromosomes
• What type of cells do plants produce for reproduction?

  Pollen and egg cells
• What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

  It produces genetically identical clones
• What is one advantage of sexual reproduction?

  It increases genetic variation
• What is the term for all genetic material in an organism?

  Genome
• What shape does DNA have?

  Double helix
• What is a gene?

  A section of DNA coding for a protein
• When was the Human Genome Project completed?

  2003
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype is the genetic code; phenotype is expression
• What are the monomers of DNA called?

  Nucleotides
• What do the bases A and T do in DNA?

  They always match with each other
• How is mRNA involved in protein synthesis?

  It carries the code from DNA to ribosomes
• What can mutations in DNA lead to?

  Proteins that do not function properly
• What is epigenetics?

  Study of gene expression regulation
• What are alleles?

  Different versions of the same gene
• What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

  Dominant alleles express traits; recessive do not
• If a person has genotype Big B little b, what is their eye color?

  Brown eyes
• What is a Punnett square used for?

  To predict genotype probabilities
• What is the probability of a child having blue eyes if both parents are heterozygous?

  25%
• Why are tigers and lions not considered the same species?

  They produce infertile offspring
• What is bacterial resistance evidence of?

  Darwin's theory of evolution
• Why is it important to complete a course of antibiotics?

  To prevent resistant bacteria from surviving
• What is the classification hierarchy in biology?

  Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• What is the binomial name of an organism?

  Genus and species combined
• What are extremophiles?

  Organisms found in extreme environments
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?

  Advantages of sexual reproduction:

  • Increases genetic variation
  • Better adaptation to environments

  
  

  Disadvantages of asexual reproduction:

  • Produces genetically identical clones
  • Less adaptability to environmental changes
• How does genetic modification differ from selective breeding?

  Genetic modification:

  • Directly alters an organism's DNA
  • Can introduce new traits quickly

  
  

  Selective breeding:

  • Involves choosing parents with desired traits
  • Takes longer to achieve results
• What is the process of genetic engineering?

  1. Identify the desired gene
  2. Cut the gene using enzymes
  3. Insert the gene into a vector
  4. Introduce the vector into the target organism
  5. Ensure the gene is present in all cells
• What are the types of fossils?

  • Bones replaced by minerals
  • Footprints hardened in mud
  • Any trace of an organism
• What are the methods of cloning?

  • Taking cuttings from plants
  • Cloning from tissue cultures
  • Splitting embryo cells
  • Nuclear transfer from adult cells
• What is the significance of Darwin's theory of evolution?

  • Random variation leads to survival advantages
  • Organisms better suited to environments reproduce more
• What is the role of epigenetics in gene expression?

  • Influences how genes are expressed
  • Changes in response to environmental factors