Lab 6-9

• Sewage is any water that has been adversely affected in quality mainly by anthropogenic influence
• Municipal: ▪ households ▪ Business facilities ▪ Public facilities (schools, hospitals) 2. Agricultural
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a chemical procedure for determining the amount of dissolved oxygen nee by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
• Sewage treatment : ▪ mechanical (flotation, sedimentation, filtration, disintegration) ▪ chemical ▪ biological ▪ disinfection
• Pretreatment – removal of materials that can damage pumps of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves).
• • Primary treatment - the sewage is held in a quiescent basin where heavy solids settle to the bottom and oil (grease) and lighter solids float to the surface.
• Secondary treatment - removing of dissolved and suspended biological matter by microorganism
• Tertiary treatment - Performed in order to allow introduction into a highly sensitive ecosystem.
• Mesophilic anaerobic digestion is the most common treatment of domestic sewage in septic tanks, reducing the BOD by about 35 to 40%.
• Water purification • de-ironing • softening • pH correction • demineralization (e.g. distillation), • filtration, • disinfection • reversed osmosis
• The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment
• Constructed wetlands are treatment systems that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality.
• saving the land through restoration, which includes agroforestry, grazing management, and assisted natural regeneration, and the protection of areas important for biodiversity and the provision of natural resources such as water
• Reversing land degradation and increasing soil organic carbon provides one of the surest and lowest-cost multiple-wins: climate change mitigation and adaptation, conservation of biodiversity, and increased food production.
• Anthrax is a lethal bacteria, especially when inhaled, and it proves fatal in almost all cases, even with medical treatment
• Chemical contamination: it is caused by the presence of xenobiotic chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment
• Chemical Pesticides accumulate in a soil, they impede several microbiological processes like respiration, nitrification and mineralization of organic compounds
• Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea. 1. Introduction of a soil layer (2). Water drainage (3). Introduction of grass-type plants (4).Afforestation
• Basel Convention: is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries(LDCs).
• waste: "Substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of international law" .
• Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.
• Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products
• Waste-to-energy conversion is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the incineration of waste source
• Basel Convention: is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries(LDCs).
• waste: "Substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of international law" .
• Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials
• Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products
• Waste-to-energy conversion is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the incineration of waste source