Problems In Cities

• Improving areas in the CBD: by establishing themed areas or encouraging investment will mean the multiplier effect - brings more people into the city who will then spend money.
• Diaspora - a group of people with similar heritage who have settles elsewhere in the world.
• Cause of inequality - housing, wealthy can afford to choose where to live - live near best school etc.
• Causes of inequality - changing environments: houses built in victorian era often too large, and are split into flats. 'right to buy' schemes mean council estates can change
• Causes of inequality - ethnic dimension: ethnic groups discriminated against and struggle to find quality employment, then can only afford cheap housing and poorer areas concentrate in the city.
• A 'self fulfilling prophecy' can be applied to areas of multiple deprevation
• Inequality in london: 16% of population are in poorest tenth and 17% are in richest tenth.
• Managing inequality in london: affordable housing scheme. Increasing london living wage.
• Bangalore, india, inequality: caste system, 'dalits' have lowest status and suffer from poverty and segregation. 16% live in slums
• Bangalore managing inequalities: building affordable housing to manage migration; transport improvements
• Tackling inequality: london living wage; provide schools beyond primary level; support low skilled workers; improving public transport; introducing minimum environmental standards.
• Rio de Janeiro: sky high transport system to increase mobility of the urban poor. 12000 ride it daily.
• Cultural diversity occurs in cities because: range of employment; more tolerant; established cultural diversity; first point of entry to a country.
• Immigrants choose to cluster because: of a shared culture ad language; specialist facilities eg mosque, kosher shop. Employment - tend to do low paid jobs, limited money so can only afford to live in certain areas.
• Migration: migrants may meet labour shortages- can create perception of 'jobs for migrants' which can cause racial intolerance particularly during economic recession.
• Migration: multiple occupancy of homes is more common. 'residential succession' - when established ethnic groups more to suburban locations leaving housing for new migrants. Schools can become dominated by a specific ethnic group
• Migrants - differences in culture: eg women having a preference to be carers of family dependants means they are disadvantaged in terms of possible employment opportunities.
• 2001 - Oldham riots: 86 police injured. In Oldham there is segregation between white/muslim. Local schools have combined to form 'waterhead academy' to promote interculturalism. tensions arose from different traditions and steryotypes.
• Mumbai: segregation prominent. overpopulation leads to slums such as dharavi. Old indian caste system with 'dalits' as lowest.
• Batley in west yorkshire had lots of migration due to its expanding wool and textile industry. 'Ethnic enclaves' known as 'little germany' developed. Today people of south-asian origin make up 1/3 of batleys population.
• Batley: different languages eg punjabi are widely spoken, some areas suffer from multiple deprevation. Segregation has decreased. 'Annual batley festival is a celebration of multiculturalism.