Deindustrialisation

• Deindustrialisation is the closing down of industry, leads to a move the the tertiary (service) and quaternary (knowledge) sectors.
• Deindustrialisation happened in the UK due to: reduced demand for traditional products as new technologies are developed; competition from abroard (rapidly industrialising countries); mechanisation of industry.
• Trends in manufacturing employment: steady decline.
• Social impacts of deindustrialisation: political extemisum and a lack of political participation; loss of jobs and personal disposable income; closing and struggling schools; more crime
• Economic impacts of deindustrialisation: de-multiplier effect, increased demand for state benefits; closure of business supporting closing industry.
• Environmental impacts of deindustrialisation: derelict buildings; noise reduction and reduction in air pollution.
• Deindustrialisation has lots of knock on effects that form a cycle. There is a rise in unemployment, so a loss of disposable income, etc
• Deindustrialisation in detroit: had a large car manufacturing industry which resulted in migration to the city. Suburbanisation meant that wealthy professionals moved out of the inner city, development favored cars so there is poor public transport.
• Detroit deindustrialisation decline: decentralisation of factories, oil prices crisis; two of largest car manufacturers filed for bankruptcy in 2009.
• Impacts of deindustrialisation in detroit: derelectiction; population decline of 25% since 2000 - taxes are based on a higher population; the hospital closed in 2011.
• Changes to CBD: loss of retail as they move to out of town areas. Loss of business to suburban areas eg science parks. As population increases the CBD becomes increasingly expensive, congested and inaccessible.
• There are 3 waves of decentralisation: move of supermarkets (1) then move of 'bulky goods' eg DIY, carpets etc (2), then development of regional shopping centers for retail. EG Trafford centre in manchester.
• Doughnut effect is the degradation of the inner city/the move away from it so much there is simply nothing really left there.
• Causes of decentralisation: increased mobility, retailers move for large out of town retailing units, vacant shops attract vandalism, congestion, lack of investement and services. All of these are causes in manchester.
• CBD characteristics: high land value, high rise buildings, art galleries, transport hubs.
• Rise of service economy: 1841 - 33% work in service industry, 2011 - 81% work in service industry.
• Change in service industry caused by: growth in corporate headquarters - need more people to coordinate activites; rise of business such as legal, advertising etc to support larger business. Expanding demand for leisure services. Increased tourisum.
• In most countries the total growth of jobs available in service industry has failed to match the job loss in manufacturing industry.
• Unemployment is a problem in HDE (highly developed economy) as new services tend to be pulled into world cities. Large corporations favor these areas for their world access and the highly skilled workforce.
• A structural shift from manufacturing industry to a service economy has occured in the uk.
• A structural shift: increasing consumer demand; growth of reaserch and development; growth of knowledge economy (it, management consultancy)
• Problems with a 'post industrial economy': highly paid jobs few in number, many low skilled jobs are part time/temporary; growth of service jobs failed to compensate for loss of jobs in manufacturing. TNC favor largest cities.
• Manchester is an example of a place that has experienced deindustrialisation, and therefore a rise in the service economy.
• Castlefield, Manchester: used to have engineering works and warehouses that would turn yarn into cloth, after industrialisation it is the home of 'hits radio' and 'greatest hits radio'; it has had investment in its 'events area' and now hosts the annual dpercussion music festival.
• China Town, Manchester: in 1950s there was a chinese immigration wave, they created the laundry trade and later opened restaurants and grocery stores.
• Retail Core, Manchester: has estimated 40 million yearly visitors; is one of the biggest shopping centres in europe.