Chapter 3

• What has caused a decline in traditional men's jobs since the 1980s?

  Globalized economy
• What do Mitsos and Browne suggest about the decline in 'mole' jobs?

  It has led to a male identity crisis
• How do changes in the economy affect boys' educational achievements?

  They may feel less motivated to succeed
• What type of jobs does the growing service sector favor?

  Jobs requiring articulacy and personal presentation
• What impact does the expansion of employment opportunities for women have?

  It encourages females to value education more
• What percentage of non-executive positions on FTSE 100 boards were held by women in 2015?

  30%
• How do greater career opportunities for women affect girls' aspirations?

  They encourage girls to pursue paid work
• What does Mac an Ghell argue about boys' socialization regarding future roles?

  Boys are socialized to see themselves as breadwinners
• What does Sharpe's work indicate about women's changing aspirations over 50 years?

  Women now prioritize careers as much as family
• What does Wilkinson refer to as a "genderquake"?

  Changing roles and attitudes of women
• How does the changing role of women impact their educational achievements?

  Women may work harder for qualifications
• What do radical feminists argue about girls' educational achievements?

  Girls still choose gendered subjects despite ambitions
• What do Marxist feminists argue about women's roles in education and work?

  Women face a dual burden or triple shift
• What do some sociologists argue about boys' literacy and language skills?

  Boys have poorer literacy and language skills
• How do parents' reading habits differ between sons and daughters?

  Parents read less to sons than daughters
• What does McRobbie's concept of "bedroom culture" suggest about girls' development?

  Girls engage in social and emotional development
• How does boys' socialization affect their academic success?

  Boys are socialized into aggressive behaviors
• What do equal opportunities policies aim to achieve in education?

  To avoid gender stereotyping in schools
• What is the purpose of GIST and WISE programs?

  To encourage girls in non-traditional careers
• How did the National Curriculum introduced in 1988 affect gender inequality?

  It made subjects compulsory for all genders
• What did Kelly argue about science education in schools?

  It should be compulsory for all pupils
• What is a significant gender disparity in subject choices according to OFSTED 2015?

  More girls choose Sociology than boys
• What do radical feminists argue about the representation of female teachers?

  Male teachers still dominate head positions
• How do male teachers influence boys' educational outcomes?

  They may not positively influence boys' results
• What did Epstein find about working-class boys in schools?

  They face harassment for being academic
• How does working-class culture view masculinity in relation to education?

  Masculinity is equated with manual work
• What does Willis's work suggest about working-class boys and education?

  They reject school values and disrupt lessons
• What is the consequence of boys rejecting education according to Willis?

  They end up in low-paid jobs
• How does Jackson describe the behavior of "lads" and "ladettes"?

  It arises from fear of academic failure
• How does pressure in the education system affect boys' behavior?

  It leads to fear of academic failure