metabolism of amino acid

• The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate is glutamate dehydrogenase.
• Nonessential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates of metabolism.
• Potential Role in Neurotransmission: Glutamate is the precursor of the – Glutathion – GABA.
• Essential amino acids include Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Methionine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Histidine, and Arginine.
• Nonessential amino acids include Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine, Proline, Serine, and Tyrosine.
• Cyclic amino acids are automatically essential as it is hard for our body to synthesize these.
• Amino acids synthesized from intermediates of metabolism include Alanine, Aspartate, Glutamate, Serine, and Glycine.
• Alpha Keto Acids are synthesized by transferring an amino group to the alpha-keto acids Pyruvate, Oxaloacetate, and alpha-ketoglutarate.
• Glutamine and Asparagine are formed from Glutamate and Aspartate respectively, catalysed by glutamine synthetase and asparaginine synthetase.
• Serine and Glycine arise from 3-phosphoglycerate and can also be formed from glycine through the transfer of a hydroxymethyl group.
• Proline is synthesized from Glutamate by conversion to Proline and then cyclization and reduction reactions.
• Tyrosine is formed from Phenylalanine by phenylalanine hydroxylase, with the coenzyme tetrahydrobiopterine, and deficiency in this enzyme is the root cause of PKU.
• Cysteine is synthesized from Homocysteins by condensation with serine, forming cystathionine, which is hydrolyzed to alpha-ketobutyrate and cysteine.
• The catabolism of amino acids found in proteins involves the removal of alpha amino groups, followed by the breakdown of the resulting carbon skeletons.
• The carbon skeletons of amino acids are converted to Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA, Oxaloacetate, Alpha-ketoglutarate, Fumarate, Succinyl-CoA, which directly enter the pathways of intermediary metabolism, resulting either in the synthesis of Glucose, lipids, or in the production of energy through their oxidation to CO2 and H2O by the citric acid cycle.
• Amino acids whose catabolism yields Pyruvate or one of the Intermediates of the citric acid cycle are termed glucogenic or glycogenic.
• NO helps prevent platelet aggregation, which is the clumping together of platelets in the blood.
• Histamine stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.
• Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), is derived from the amino acid tryptophan through a biosynthetic pathway.
• Histamine release contributes to the dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation) and increased vascular permeability in response to injury, trauma, or infection.
• Tryptophan is the precursor of Serotonin, Nicotinic Acid, Melatonin, and Histamine.
• Serotonin is also present in smaller quantities within the central nervous system, where it acts as a neurotransmitter, and in platelets.
• Vita-min refers to vital amine compounds.
• NO has an essential role in the immune response.
• NO acts as a vasodilator by relaxing the smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, leading to the widening of blood vessels and increased blood flow.
• NO is involved in macrophage function, playing a part in the immune system's defense against pathogens by enhancing the killing ability of immune cells.
• Tryptophan is also used for NAD production.
• Nitric oxide is synthesized through the action of an enzyme called nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which uses L-arginine, oxygen (O2), and NADPH as substrates to produce NO and L-citrulline.
• Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule with diverse roles in the body.
• In the nervous system, NO functions as a neurotransmitter, involved in signaling between nerve cells (neurons).
• Histamine is a crucial chemical compound that plays multiple roles in the body, acting as a mediator for various cellular responses.
• NO plays a role in synaptic plasticity, which refers to the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to changes in their activity.
• By inhibiting excessive platelet aggregation, NO contributes to maintaining normal blood flow and preventing blood clot formation.
• Arginine is the precursor of Nitric oxide, Polyamines, Putresine, Spermine, Spermidine, Ornitine, Urea.
• Nicotinic acid is a vitamin and it is synthesized by tryptophan.
• Histamine is a key player in allergic responses, releasing when the immune system perceives an allergen as a threat, mast cells release histamine.
• The majority of serotonin is concentrated within cells of the intestinal mucosa.
• Amino acids whose catabolism yields either Acetyl CoA or Acetoacetyl CoA are termed ketogenic.
• Creatine phosphate acts as a high-energy compound, offering a readily accessible reservoir of high-energy phosphates, which can be rapidly mobilized and serves to supplement ATP levels during the initial moments of intense muscular activity.
• Important products derived from amino acids include Heme, Purines, Pyrimidines, Hormones, Neurotransmitters and Biologically active peptides.