the sounds of the language yule

• Phonetics is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
• Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated.
• Acoustic phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air.
• Auditory phonetics deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.
• Consonants are produced by using the tongue and other parts of the mouth to constrict the shape of the oral tract through which the air is passing.
• The terms used to describe many sounds are those that denote the place of articulation of the sound: that is, the location inside the mouth at which the constriction takes place.
• Bilabial consonants are made with both lips, such as p, b, and m.
• Labiodentals are formed using the upper front teeth and the lower lip, such as f and v.
• Alveolar sounds are made by raising the front of the tongue to the alveolar ridge, such as [θ], [ð], l, and [ð].
• "post-alveolar" or "palato-alveolar," are produced in an area where the alveolar ridge meets the palate, such as ʃ,t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ,ʒ
• The [s] sound is a fricative consonant, produced by almost blocking the airflow, then letting the air escape through a narrow gap, creating friction.
• Many American English speakers have a tendency to "flap" [t] and [d] consonants between vowels with the result that the pairs latter/ladder, metal/medal and writer/ride.
• Front vowels include [i], [I], [ɛ], [æ].
• To describe vowel sounds, we consider the way in which the tongue influences the shape through which the airflow must pass.
• To talk about a place of articulation, we think of the space inside the mouth as having a front versus a back and a high versus a low area.
• The [t] sound is a stop consonant, produced by blocking the airflow very briefly, then letting it go abruptly.
• Glides may also be described as "approximants" or "semi-vowels."
• Vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air and are all typically voiced.
• The glottal stop, represented by the symbol [?], is produced when the space between the vocal folds (the glottis) is closed completelyvery briefly, then released.
• Central vowels are represented by [ə], [ʌ], [u], [ʊ], [ɔ], [ɑ].
• Back vowels include [u], [ʊ], [ɔ], [ɑ], [a]
• The sound /j/ is pronounced as 'y'