Section 3 - Alexander's Other Reforms

• Disappointment and other issues were reasons for further reform.
• Conscription was a military reform that was made compulsory for all classes.
• The length of military service was reduced from 25 to 15 years.
• Welfare in the military was improved and corporal punishment was abolished.
• Military colleges were established to train officers and modern weaponry was introduced to officers.
• After military reform, the new army could be described as smaller but better-trained.
• Costs were reduced after the military reform.
• Literacy was improved through army education campaigns.
• Officers still had aristocratic leaders and the upper-class served less time in the military.
• A local government in the zemstva was established at district and provincial levels in 1864.
• Zemstva were elected by the people but primarily nobles.
• The Zemstva were given more power to improve public services and industry which relieved the poor.
• The Zemstva offered representative government at a local level.
• The zemstva were dominated by nobles and "professionals".
• The zemstva improved welfare and education.
• People could criticise government policies on a Zemstva forum.
• The Zemstva did not have control over taxation and the law.
• Under the judicial reforms, criminal cases were heard before barristers and a jury.
• The judicial reforms made classes be treated equally before the law.
• Judges' training and pay improved in the judiciary reforms.
• The result of reform led to a fairer and less corrupt judicial system.
• A jury could undermine government control.
• Vera Zasulich is an example of a jury undermining government control.
• Ecclesiastical and military courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform.
• Judiciary reform did not apply in Poland.
• Improvements in literacy and numeracy were important for Russia's modernisation in education.
• Liberal Alexander Golovnin led important changes in education.
• The zemstva took responsibility for primary education.
• Primary education was now free for all.
• Vocational schools were set up at secondary level.
• Students could progress to university from secondary education.
• Universities became self-governing in 1863.
• Liberal courses were offered at universities after they became self-governing.
• Primary schools tripled between 1856 and 1880.
• The amount of students in primary schools doubled from 1856 to 1880.
• There was a greater selection of subjects at schools.
• The number of students at university tripled.
• The primary curriculum was still based on religion but it offered reading, writing and arithmetic.
• Secondary education was limited because it had fees and it was limited to the better-off.
• More radical students joined opposition movements that there committed to violence.