Renal/Urinary

• What is the primary function of the urinary system?

  Elimination of waste products
• How does the urinary system regulate homeostasis?

  By balancing water, electrolytes, and pH
• What waste products does the urinary system eliminate?

  Nitrogenous wastes, toxins, drugs
• What role does the urinary system play in blood pressure regulation?

  It helps regulate blood pressure through fluid balance
• What is the function of the kidneys?

  Filters blood to produce urine
• What organ transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?

  Ureter
• What is the role of the bladder?

  Stores urine before it is voided
• What is the function of the urethra?

  Transports urine from the bladder out of the body
• Where are the kidneys located?

  Against the dorsal body wall at T12 to L3
• What is the renal capsule?

  It surrounds each kidney for protection
• What is the outer region of the kidney called?

  Renal cortex
• What is the middle region of the kidney known as?

  Renal medulla
• What are calyces in the kidney?

  They transport urine from the medulla to the renal pelvis
• What is the nephron responsible for?

  Creating urine through filtration and reabsorption
• What are the two types of nephrons?

  Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
• What happens in the glomerulus?

  Blood is filtered to form filtrate
• What is reabsorption in the nephron?

  Process of reclaiming water and solutes
• What materials are not reabsorbed during urine formation?

  Nitrogenous waste products and excess water
• How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?

  Active transport into border cells, then diffusion
• What is secretion in the nephron?

  Movement of materials from capillaries to renal tubules
• What happens if the kidney is damaged?

  Homeostasis is disrupted, leading to organ failure
• What gives urine its yellow color?

  Urochrome from hemoglobin destruction
• What is the normal pH of urine?

  Around 6
• What is the capacity of the bladder in women?

  Approximately 500 ml
• What is the length of the female urethra?

  3–4 cm
• What controls the release of urine?

  Internal and external urethral sphincters
• What is micturition?

  Process of voiding urine
• What is the normal water percentage in young adult males?

  60%
• How does electrolyte balance affect water movement?

  It causes water to shift between compartments
• What regulates water and electrolyte reabsorption?

  Primarily by hormones like ADH and aldosterone
• What is the normal blood pH range?

  7.35 to 7.45
• What is the role of erythropoietin?

  Stimulates red blood cell production
• How do the kidneys activate vitamin D?

  By metabolizing it using 1a-hydroxylase
• When are functional kidneys developed?

  By the third month of pregnancy
• What urinary issue is common in aging males?

  Urinary retention
• What happens to the bladder and kidneys with aging?

  They shrink and urinary function declines
• What are the key functions of the urinary system?

  • Elimination of waste products
  • Regulation of homeostasis (water, electrolytes, pH)
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Red blood cell production
  • Activation of vitamin D
• What are the main organs of the urinary system?

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
• What are the processes involved in urine formation?

  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
• What are the characteristics of urine?

  • Colored yellow due to urochrome
  • Sterile
  • Slightly aromatic
  • Normal pH around 6
  • Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035