Chemistry

• Atomic number

  number of protons in an element
• number of protons = number of electrons
• mass number

  total amount of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus
• neutron number

  A-Z, total amount of neutrons
• isotopes

  elements with the same amount of protons, but different amount of neutrons / atomic weights
• moles

  n = mass / rmm
• molarity

  moles (g) per litre
• isotonic

  solute concentration is the same on both side of the cell membrane. Cell neither shrinks nor swells
• hyper-tonic

  higher solute concentration outside the cell membrane. Cell shrinks
• hypo-tonic

  higher solute concentration inside the cell membrane. Cell will swell
• matter


  anything that occupies space
• elements


  substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
• atom

  smallest unit of matter
• the 4 most abundant elements in the human body

  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• function of oxygen in the body

  cellular respiration
• function of carbon in the body

  backbone of organic compounds
• function of hydrogen in the body

  component of organic compounds, acid-base balance
• function of nitrogen in the body

  component of proteins, nucleic acids, cell membranes
• all atoms of an element are identical
• proton charge

  +1
• neutron charge

  0
• electron charge

  -1
• atom with positive or negative charge

  ion
• molecule

  aggregate of at least two atoms
• medical application of isotopes

  Medical diagnosis. used to obtain images of the heart, liver and lungs. Techecium-99
• function of iodine-131

  measuring the radioactivity just above the thyroid to see the rate of which iodine is absorbed
• function of iodine-125

  used for images of the thyroid gland
• function of sodium-24

  used to detect blockages in the circulatory system
• radiation therapy

  cancer cells can be destroyed by proper radiation treatment.
• somatic radiation damage

  affects organisim during its lifetime. ex: sunburn
• genetic radiation damage

  inherited, chromosomes can be damaged leading to deformed offspring
• valence electrons

  the outer most layer of electrons
• cation

  net positive charge, due to the decrease of electrons
• anion

  net negative charge, due to increase in the number of electrons
• early atomic structure - thomson


  discovery of the first subatomic particle - the electron - plum-pudding model
• rutherford

  proposed the nucleus and protons
• bohr

  proposed a model for how the atom was arranged
• photoelectric effect - einstein

  demonstrated that light (a wave) could have particle properties
• wave particle duality - de Broglie


  if waves can be particles, particles can act like waves
• uncertainty principle - heisenberg

  it is impossible to know simultaneously the momentum and position of a particle with certainty