Genus Leptospira

• What is the Gram stain result for Leptospira?

  Gram -ve
• What shape is Leptospira?

  ?-shape
• What type of bacteria is Leptospira classified as?

  Spirochetes
• What is a notable feature of Leptospira's structure?

  Thin with hoots
• What type of aerobe is Leptospira?

  Obligate Aerobe
• What is the reservoir for Leptospira?

  Animal Urine in Water
• How is Leptospira transmitted?

  Contact with Animal Urine in Water
• Are there known virulence factors for Leptospira?

  No known virulence factors
• How does Leptospira enter the body?

  Penetrates mucous membranes or small breaks
• Which occupational groups are at risk for Leptospira infection?

  Farmers, Sewer Workers
• What is a common activity that puts individuals at risk for Leptospira infection?

  Water Sport Enthusiasts
• What are the clinical manifestations of Leptospirosis?

  • High Fever
  • Headache
  • Diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
  • Rash
  • Photophobia
  • Conjunctival Suffusion
  • Myalgia especially in calves
• What are the symptoms of Weil’s Disease, a severe form of Leptospirosis?

  • Fever
  • Hepatitis
  • Jaundice
  • Acute Liver Failure
  • Haemorrhagic Diathesis
  • Cardiac Abnormalities (e.g., carditis, arrhythmia)
• What is one method for microbiological diagnosis of Leptospira?

  Dark-Field Microscopy
• What is another method for diagnosing Leptospira?

  Serological Tests
• Which molecular technique is used for diagnosing Leptospira?

  PCR
• What test assesses renal function in Leptospira diagnosis?

  Renal Function Tests
• What is the treatment for Leptospira infection?

  Doxycycline
• What is another antibiotic used for treating Leptospira?

  Penicillin