Unit 6 mcq's Apwh

• Colonialism refers to the establishment, maintenance, acquisition, and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory.
• Colonialism involves the political and economic domination of one country or region by another.
• The colonizing power typically exerts control over the colonized territory, its resources, and its people.
• Colonialism often involves the settling of people from the colonizing country in the colonized territory, leading to the establishment of new societies and institutions.
• Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending a nation's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
• Imperialism can take various forms, including colonialism.
• Not all imperialistic ventures result in the establishment of colonies.
• Imperialism can also involve economic dominance, political influence, or cultural hegemony without necessarily creating formal colonies.
• Colonialism is a specific manifestation of imperialism.
• Colonialism involves the establishment of colonies, often with settlers from the colonizing country, while imperialism is a more general term that encompasses various strategies and forms of domination, which may or may not involve the creation of colonies.
• Imperial powers used a variety of physical tools and technologies to create and maintain their empires.
• Seafaring vessels, firearms, cannons, railways, roads and bridges, the telegraph, postal systems, maps and globes, vaccines and medicines, mining equipment, colonial architecture and fortifications, crops and farming techniques, industrial machinery, and other tools were instrumental in imperial expansion.
• These physical tools not only facilitated imperial expansion but also reflected the technological and military superiority of the imperial powers during different historical periods.
• China was a thriving manufacturing power, about to be overtaken by Europe, but still heavily involved in world trade, especially an importer of silver from the Spanish empire.
• In 1793, the Macartney Mission tried to get better trade conditions with China and was a total failure.
• The Qianlong Emperor's well known response to the British was "Hither to all European nations including your own country's barbarian merchants have carried on their trade with our celestial empire at Canton.
• China's favorable balance of trade was threatened by the flood of opium from Europeans, especially the British, in the 1830s.
• In 1839, the Chinese responded to what they saw as these unfair trade practices with a stern letter that they never actually sent.
• Commissioner Lin Zexu drafted a response that contained a memorable threat to "cut off trade in rhubarb, silk, and tea, all valuable products of ours without which foreigners could not live."
• The Chinese made like tea partiers, confiscating a bunch of British opium and chucking it into the sea.
• Europeans didn't have guns until the 16th century, but by the 19th century, European gun technology had improved dramatically, especially with the introduction of the Maxim machine gun, which allowed Europeans to wipe out Africans in battle after battle.
• Europeans wanted colonies to secure sources of raw materials, especially cotton, copper, iron, and rubber, that were used to fuel their growing industrial economies.
• Europeans have been involved in Africa since the 16th century, when the Portuguese used their cannons to take control of cities on the coast to set up their trading post empire.
• Diseases like smallpox, yellow fever, malaria, and sleeping sickness killed Europeans in staggering numbers in Africa.
• In the second half of the 19th century, Europe suddenly and spectacularly succeeded at colonizing basically all of Africa.
• Europeans didn't fail to take over territory in Africa until the late 19th century because they didn't want to; they failed because they couldn't.
• The biggest reason Europeans were able to extend their grasp over so much of the world was industrialization.
• Nagana, a disease endemic to Africa, killed horses, which made it difficult for Europeans to take advantage of African grasslands and also difficult for them to get inland, because their horses would die as they tried to carry stuff.
• Nationalism played its part in European colonization of Africa, with states seeing it as a real bonus to be able to say they had colonies.
• The British responded to this by demanding compensation, and access to Chinese territory where they could carry out their trade.
• European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and a lot of dying, and by the end of the 19th century, most of Africa and much of Asia had been colonized by European powers.
• More than two-thirds of British troops in India at any given time were Indians under the command of British officers.
• Mahatma Gandhi, for instance, was the son of an Indian high official, which made it possible for him to receive a European education.
• Many native princes who ruled in the context of European imperialism put up with it because they were still rulers, they got to keep their prestige and their fancy hats, and to some extent their power.
• Europeans ruled their colonies with the help of, and sometimes completely through, intermediaries and collaborators.
• Africans did not meekly acquiesce to European hegemony, they resisted, often violently, but ultimately they were defeated by a technologically superior enemy.
• In the 1890s in India, there were fewer than 1,000 British administrators supposedly ruling over 300 million Indians.
• Europeans could almost always rely on their superior military technology to coerce local rulers into doing what the Europeans wanted.
• Hiram Maxim is responsible for the Captive Flying Machine, which has resulted in many a girlfriend telling me that I'm a coward.
• Many native princes were able to gain advantages through their service, like access to European education for themselves and for their children.