HSDC / Animal Management / 23-24

• The 5 welfare needs

  • Provide a suitable environment.
  • Feed a suitable diet.
  • Allow the animal to be able to exhibit normal behaviour patterns.
  • Allow any need it has to be housed with, or apart from, other animals.
  • Be protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease.
• Classification is the process of organizing living organisms into different groups based on their structure and characteristics.
• There are 4 categories of animal behaviour; Natural behaviours, Unnatural behaviours, Normal behaviours, and Abnormal behaviour.
• Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
• Linnaeus’s system of classification, the kingdom level is split into 5 sub-categories: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Prokaryote, Protists.
• The Phylum level is split into 5 sub-categories: Chordata, Arthropada, Coelenterata, Annelida, Echinodermata.
• Chordata is a category that includes organisms with a backbone.
• Arthropoda is a category that includes organisms with an exoskeleton and paired jointed appendages.
• Coelenterata is a category that includes all Coelenterates, which are mostly marine animals.
• Annelida is a category that includes segmented worms, which include earthworms, lungworms, ragworms, and leeches.
• Echinodermata is a category that includes any variety of invertebrate marine animals, characterized by a hard, spiny covering or skin.
• The class level is split into 5 sub-categories: Reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, and fish.
• Reptiles are cold-blooded (Ectothermic), air-breathing vertebrates, that lay leathery/rubber-like eggs and have skin covered with scales or bony plates.
• Amphibians are ectothermic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that can live on both land and water, lay thousands of jelly-like eggs, have smooth moist skin and webbed feet.
• Mammals are endothermic, breathe air, have a backbone, and grow hair at some point during their life, and female mammals have glands that can produce milk.
• Birds are endothermic, have a backbone, feathers, and a toothless beaked jaw, lay hard-shelled eggs, and can fly.
• A fish is an aquatic, gill-bearing animal that lays millions of soft, tiny eggs and is endothermic.
• A prokaryotic cell is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• A eukaryotic cell is an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Organelles are specialized structures that perform unique and vital functions that aid in the overall function and health of the cell, and are membrane-bound, meaning that have a layer of lipids that differentiates them from the rest of the cell and its component parts.
• The nucleus is like the brain of the cell, it contains DNA replication and gene transcription, and is bound by an outer layer called the nuclear envelope, which helps regulate what enters and exits the nucleus.
• The nucleolus is located inside the nucleus and cells may have more than one, and its job is to produce ribosomes.
• The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid within the cell, it serves as the medium for chemical reactions and offers a platform for the operations of various organelles within the cell, and the processes essential for cell expansion, growth, and replication are conducted within the cytoplasm.
• The cytosol is the gel-like matrix that fills the space where organelles are absent inside the cell, it contains water, and nutrients, and supports the structure of the cell.
• All cells have a cytoskeleton, although the specific proteins that make it up are different based on the type of cell, and the cytoskeleton provides structure and support for the cell and acts like a highway for the transport of materials.
• Malloclusion is the condition in which the upper and lower teeth fail to meet in the correct way when the mouth is closed.
• An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone.
• The organs of the digestive system include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
• Canine teeth are sharp and pointed, used for seizing and killing prey, located at the front and to the side of the mouth.
• Graminivorous animals feed on grass.
• A prophylactic is medicine or a cause of action used to prevent disease.
• A herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants.
• A nectarivore is an animal that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants.
• Fat serves as a high-concentration energy source and aids in the absorption of specific vitamins known as 'fat-soluble vitamins'.
• Fat insulates the body, stores energy, lubricates joints, maintains skin/fur health, and aids in the absorption of specific vitamins known as 'fat-soluble vitamins'.
• Egg predation is when an animal hunts for and eats the egg of another animal.
• The tongue has taste buds attached which increases the enjoyment of the animal eating certain foods.
• Vitamins and minerals contribute to a boosted immune system, supporting normal growth and development.
• A carnivore is an animal that feeds on other animals.
• Myxomatosis is a disease caused by the myxoma virus, spread by fleas, mites, and mosquitoes.