Monosaccharides

• What are some characteristics of carbohydrates?

  Energy storage , structural component , follow formula Cn(H2O)n
• What are the types of carbohydrates?

  monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides , polysaccharides
• What are aldoses and ketoses?

  Aldose: Contains aldehyde functional group

  
  

  Ketose: Contains ketone functional group
• What is this?


  Aldose

  
• What is this?

  Ketose

  
• What is a chiral center?


  atom in a molecule that has four different groups tetrahedrally bonded to it
• What are enantiomers?


  Isomers that are mirror images of each other , almost identical properties
• What are diastereomers?


  stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
• In what form are enantiomers found naturally?

  D stereoisomers
• What are epimers?


  diastereomers that differ at exactly one chiral carbon
• What are the properties of monosaccharides?

  Coloreless , crystalline solids , soluble in water
• What does D-glyceraldehyde look like?

  
• What does Dihydroxyacetone look like?

  
• What does D-erythrose look like?

  
• What does D-Threose look like?

  
• What does D-Erythrulose look like?

  
• What does D-ribose look like?

  
• What does D-Arabinose look like?

  
• What does D-Xylose look like?

  
• What does D-lyxose look like?

  
• What does D-Ribulose look like?

  
• What does D-Xylulose look like?

  
• What does D-allose look like?

  
• What does D-altrose look like?

  
• What does D-Glucose look like?

  
• What does D-Mannose look like?

  
• What does D-gulose look like?

  
• What does D-Idose look like?

  
• What does D-Galactose look like?

  
• What does D-Talose look like?

  
• What does D-Psicose look like?

  
• What does D-Fructose look like?

  
• What does D-Sorbose look like?

  
• What does D-Tagatose look like?

  
• How are hemiacetals formed?

  When aldehydes are attacked by alcohols

  
• How are Hemiketals formed?

  When ketones are attacked by alcohols

  
• What is the mechanism of cyclization of monosaccharides?

  Former carbonyl carbon becomes new chiral center (anomeric carbon) , former carbonyl oxygen becomes hydroxyl group
• How do we identify alpha or beta?

  If OH is down it is alpha , if OH is next to H then it is beta
• How do we identify Cis and trans?

  If hydroxyl group is on the opposite side then trans , If hydroxyl group is on the same side then cis
• How does glucose look like?