Nomenclature and Alkanes and that

• General Formula: The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
• Homologous series: A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member different by CH2
• Functional Group: A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
• Characteristics of a Homologous Series:

  • Same general formula
  • Same functional group
  • Similar chemical properties but varying in reactivity
  • Physical properties vary gradually along the series
• Empirical formula: Simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound
• Molecular formula: Actual number of atoms of an element in a molecule
• Structural formula: The minimal detail for an ambigious structure
• Displayed: The relative placing of atoms and the bonds between them
• Skeletal: The carbon skeleton and functional groups only
• Organic Compounds are named by:

  • Stem (Carbon Chain)
  • Functional Groups
• 1 - Meth
• 2 - Eth
• 3 - Prop
• 4 - But
• 5 - Pent
• 6 - Hex
• 7 - Hept
• 8 - Oct
• 9 - Non
• 10 - Dec
• If a compound has branches coming out of the stem, they are then referred to as alkyl groups
• 1 Alkyl - Methyl
• 2 Alkyl - Ethyl
• 3 Alkyl - Propyl
• 4 Alkyl - Butyl
• 5 Alkyl - Pentyl
• Branches are numbered to indicate where they're found but must be from the shortest route
• Alcohols:

  • Formula OH
  • Prefix: Hydroxy
  • Suffix: -ol
• Aldehydes:

  Formula: CHO

  Suffix: -al
• Alkane:

  Formula: C - C

  Suffix: -ane
• Alkene:

  Formula: C=C

  Suffix: -ene
• Carboxylic Acid:

  Formula: COOH

  Suffix: -oic acid
• Haloalkene

  Formulas: F, Cl, Br, I

  Prefixes: Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, Iodo
• Ketone:

  Formula: C-CO-C

  Suffix: -one
• Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
• Chain Isomers: Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
• Position Isomers: When a function group exists in a different position along a carbon chain
• Chain isomers have a lower BP than chain molecules
• Functional Group Isomers: When isomers have the same functional group but have the same molecular formula
• Cis Isomerism: The same molecules are on the same horizontal side