5.7 respiration

• respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose to the cell's molecules
• respiration equation: glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
• Glycolysis is sugar splitting it occurs in the cell's cytoplasm. Producing 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH and 2 ATP
• the two stages of glycolysis is phosphorylation and oxidation.
• Mitochondria an organelle in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur
• Coenzyme aids an enzyme in the process of transferring a phosphate group to another molecule
• The coenzymes involved in respiration are NAD, Coenzyme A, FAD
• The link reaction links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix. Producing 2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA
• the stages of aerobic respiration are 1. glycolysis, 2. link reaction, 3. Krebs cycle, and 4. oxidative phosphorylation
• The Krebs cycle is ocurring in the matrix of the mitochondria. Producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of transferring energy from reduced NADH to oxygen, occurring in the cristae in mitochondria.
• The two stages of oxidative phosphorylation are electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
• chemiosmosis is the process of energy transfer from the environment to the electron transport chain
• the mammal anaerobic pathway is the process of lactate fermentation
• the fungi and plants anaerobic pathway is called ethanol fermentation
• Ethanol fermentation equation: pyruvate -> ethanal -> ethanol
• The lactate fermentation equation is: pyruvate -> lactate (lactic acid)
• The first stage of glycolysis is phosphorylation. This is when the phosphate group is added to the pyruvate molecule. The glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphates from two molecules of ATP.
• The second stage of glycolysis is oxidation. Triose phosphate is oxidised, forming 2 molecules of pyruvate.
• The link reaction converts pyruvate to Acetyl Coenzyme A.
• The link reaction occurs twice for every glucose molecule.
• The Krebs cycle produces reduced coenzymes and ATP.
• The Krebs cycle involves a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, which take place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The cycle happens once for every pyruvate molecule, so it goes round twice for every glucose molecule.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where the energy carried by electrons is used to make ATP.
• 32 molecules of ATP are produced throughout the whole aerobic respiration process.
• Different respiratory substrates have different energy values.