paper 2

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• How can you find the rate of reaction at a specific time on a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• Why does increasing temperature increase reaction rate?

  Particles move more quickly and collide more
• What happens in a reversible reaction?

  Products can return to original reactants
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What are hydrocarbons primarily made of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the difference in viscosity between longer and shorter fractions?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is the result of oxidizing an alcohol?

  It forms a carboxylic acid
• What is the significance of melting and boiling points in chemistry?

  Indicates purity of a substance
• What is a formulation in chemistry?

  A mixture designed for a specific use
• What is the full name of DNA?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are the monomers that make up DNA?

  Nucleotides
• What is a formulation?

  A mixture designed for a specific use
• What is chromatography used for?

  Separating substances in a mixture
• What is the stationary phase in chromatography?

  Special chromatography paper or filter paper
• How is the starting line drawn in chromatography?

  In pencil, so it doesn't move
• How can RF values be used in chromatography?

  To identify substances in a mixture
• How do you test for hydrogen gas?

  By holding a burning splint over it
• What does chlorine gas do to damp blue litmus paper?

  Bleaches it white
• What color flame does lithium produce in a flame test?

  Crimson
• What color flame does potassium produce in a flame test?

  Lilac
• What happens when sodium hydroxide is added to aluminum, calcium, and magnesium solutions?

  They produce a white precipitate
• What happens to aluminum hydroxide when excess sodium hydroxide is added?

  It dissolves
• What color precipitate do copper(II) ions form with sodium hydroxide?

  Blue
• What color precipitate do iron(II) ions form with sodium hydroxide?

  Green
• What do carbonates produce when they react with acids?

  Carbon dioxide gas
• What precipitate is formed when iodide ions are present?

  Yellow precipitate of silver iodide
• What do sulfate ions produce when mixed with barium chloride?

  A white precipitate
• What does flame emission spectroscopy do?

  Identifies wavelengths emitted by metals
• How has the composition of gases in the atmosphere changed?

  It has changed over Earth's history
• What was the early atmosphere primarily composed of?

  Nitrogen and carbon dioxide
• How did carbon dioxide levels decrease in the atmosphere?

  Through photosynthesis by algae and plants
• What has caused an increase in CO2 levels since the Industrial Revolution?

  Human activities and fossil fuel burning
• What are the two methods of desalination mentioned?

  Distillation and reverse osmosis
• How is wastewater treated before being released?

  By removing organic matter and harmful chemicals