Physics Chapter 1

• Units


  systems giving context to numbers
• Length


  meter (m)
• Mass


  kilogram (kg)
• Force


  newton (N)
• Time


  second (s)
• Work

  joule (J)
• Energy

  joule (J)
• Power


  watt (W)
• giga


  (G or B), 10^9
• mega


  (M), 10^6
• kilo


  (k), 10^3
• centi


  (c), 10^-2
• milli


  (m), 10^-3
• micro


  (µ), 10^-6
• nano


  (n), 10^-9
• pico


  (p), 10^-12
• Scientific Notation


  a method of writing very large or very small numbers by using powers of ten; 0.0000000004 = 4x 10^-10 or 500,000,000,000,000 = 5 x 10^14
• Significand


  the number before the power of 10 in scientific notation, such as the number 5 in the scientific notation 5 x 10^14
• Scientific Notation Multiplications

  multiply the significands and then add the exponents;(4 x 10^-10)(5 x 10^14) = 2 x 10^5- multiplying 4 by 5 = 20 (converted to 2)- adding -10 and 14 = 4
• Scientific Notation Divisions

  divide the significand in the numerator (top) by the significand in the denominator (bottom) and then subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator;(4 x 10^-10) / (5 x 10^14) = 8 x 10^-25- dividing 4 by 5 = 0.8 (convert to 8)- subtracting 14 from -10 = -24
• Scientific Notation Raised to a Power

  raise the significand to that power and then multiply the exponent by that number;(6.0 x 10^4)^2 = 3.6 x 10^9- squaring (^2) 6.0 = 36.0 (convert to 3.6)- multiplying 4 by 2 (10^4 x 2) = 8
• Scientific Notation Additions

  exponents must always be the same (if not convert one), and then add the significands together;3.7 x 10^4 + 1.5 x 10^3 = 3.9 x 10^4 - converting 1.5 x 10^3 = 0.15 x 10^4- adding 3.7 and 0.15 = 3.85 (round to 3.9)
• Scientific Notation Subtractions

  exponents must always be the same (if not convert one), and then subtract the significands;3.7 x 10^4 - 1.5 x 10^3 = 3.6 x 10^4 - converting 1.5 x 10^3 = 0.15 x 10^4- subtracting 1.5 from 3.7 = 3.55 (round to 3.6)
• sin θ


  SOH= opposite / hypotenuse = y / h
• cos θ

  CAH= adjacent / hypotenuse= x / h
• tan θ

  TOA= opposite / adjacent= y / x
• Trigonometric Functions


  the ratio relationship between the sides of right triangles
• Logarithm


  the power to which a base such as 10 (log) or "e" (ln) must be raised to get the desired number;- log 45 = X (10^x = 45), so X = 1.6532- ln 45 = Y (e^y = 45), so Y = 3.8067
• Natural Log ("e")

  "e" = ln = 2.71828
• Vectors


  numbers that have both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force
• Scalars


  numbers that have magnitude only, such as disctance, speed, energy, pressure, and mass
• Resultant (R)

  the sum or difference of two or more vectors
• Pythagorean Theorem


  X² + Y² = V² or, V = √X² + Y²V = any vector (use V as the hypotenuse)X = x component of vector VY = y component of vector V
• Kinematics


  branch of Newtonian mechanics that deals with the description of objects in motion which allows us to describe an objects velocity, speed, acceleration, and position with respect to time
• Displacement (x)


  an object in motions overall change in its position in space
• Velocity (ν)

  a vector quantity whose magnitude is speed and whose direction is the direction of motion;v = displacement (x) / time (t)SI units = meters/second (m/s)
• Average Velocity


  average velocity (v, with a line over it) = Δx / Δt
• Speed (s)


  the rate of actual distance traveled in a given unit of time:s = distance (d) / time (t)
• Instantaneous Velocity


  the average velocity as the change in time approaches zero;v = limΔx / Δt
• Acceleration (a)

  a vector quantity of the rate of change of velocity over time;a = Δv / Δt