personality, attitudes, arousal and anxiety

• personality is formed by 3 theories - trait theory, social learning theory and interactionist theory
• trait - behaviour is a function of personality
• social learning - behaviour is a function of environment
• interactionist - behaviour is a function of personality and environment
• trait theory- i nnate , s table , e nduring
• Eyesenck + cattell

  A) neurotic

  B) extrovert

  C) stable

  D) introvert

  E) successful athlete

  
• cattell added toughmindedness as another axis
• Type A - competitive , works fast , desire to succeed , control , prone to stress
• type b - non-competitive , work slowly , lacks desire to succeed , no control , less stress
• social learning theory - all behavior is learned, o bservation of significant others
• interactionist - combination of trait and social learning
• hollanders model

  A) psychological core

  B) role related behaviour

  C) typical response

  
• attitudes - combination of beliefs and feelings which lead us to think and behave positively or negatively
• woods triadic model

  A) cognitive

  B) affective

  C) behavioural

  
• formation of attitudes - media , prejudice , teachers , family , friends
• prejudice- prejudgement of a person, group or situation usually based of inadequate information
• persuasive communcation

  • the athlete must pay attention and understand the message
  • the coach must be an expert and trustworthy
  • the message must be clear and balanced between emotion and logic
• cognitive dissonance - two completely different and contradictory facts affect behaviour
• Arousal - state of mental and physical preparation for an action
• symptoms of arousal - faster heart rate , faster breathing rate , sweating , ability to focus , response to danger
• hulls drive theory - gross skills , more arousal = more likely dominant response

  
• inverted u theory - too much arousal = decrease perfomance

  
• optimum arousal depends on

  • type of activity
  • skill level of performer
  • personality of performer
• anxiety - emotional state similar to fear
• somatic ( physiological) - raised Heart rate , raised breathing rate , sweating
• cognitive (psychological) - worry , negative feelings , nervousness
• Trait anxiety -

  • tendancy to be fearful in unfamiliar situations
  • percieve competitive situations as threatening
  • respond to competitive situations with apprehension and tension
• state anxiety - emotional response to particular situations
• stressors -

  • social
  • chemical
  • bacterial
  • physical
  • climatic
  • psychological
• cognitive relaxation techniques - imagery relaxation , thought stopping , visualisation , pre game routines, self talk
• imagery relaxation - think of place assaociated with warmth and relaxation
• thought stopping - when negative thoughts begin , performer immediately thinks stop and substitutes a positive thought
• visualisation - performer consciously imagine a performance
• pre game routine - set of drills which simulate competitive situation
• concentration - state of mind in which attention is directed towards specific activity
• self talk - a person talks through process of competitive situation
• somatic relaxation techniques - progressive muscle relaxation , centring , biofeedback
• progressive muscle relaxation - athlete visualises tension flowing out of muscle group until fully relaxed
• centring - control of diaphragm and breathing to reduces physiological symptoms
• aggression - intention to harm outside the rules