Religion, renewal and choice

• What do critics argue about secularisation theories?

  Religion is changing, not declining
• How do increased choice and diversity affect religion?

  They encourage greater involvement in religion
• Where is religion declining according to critics?

  Only in Europe
• What do theories of late and postmodernity suggest about religion?

  Religion is changing due to societal developments
• What societal changes contribute to new forms of religion?

  Greater individualism and consumerism
• What does Davie argue about church attendance?

  It has declined due to lack of obligation
• How does Davie describe the nature of religion in late modern society?

  It is a matter of personal choice
• What does Davie mean by "believing without belonging"?

  People hold beliefs without organizational ties
• What trend does Davie note regarding vicarious religion?

  Active minorities practice for larger groups
• How does Davie view major national churches in Europe?

  As public utilities for spiritual needs
• What do Voas and Crockett argue against Davie's view?

  People are neither believing nor belonging
• What evidence do BSA surveys provide regarding religion?

  Both attendance and belief are declining
• What concept does Hervieu-Léger introduce regarding religion?

  Cultural amnesia
• How has the transmission of religion changed according to Hervieu-Léger?

  It is no longer handed down generationally
• What does Hervieu-Léger mean by "spiritual shopping"?

  Choosing elements of religion as consumers
• What new groups does Hervieu-Léger identify in modern religion?

  Pilgrims and converts
• How does Lyon view the relationship between traditional and new religious forms?

  New forms are emerging alongside traditional ones
• What role does media play in postmodern religion according to Lyon?

  It saturates us with global religious ideas
• What does "disembedded" religion refer to?

  Religion detached from physical institutions
• What is the difference between religion online and online religion?

  Religion online is top-down communication
• How do Hoover et al. view online religion?

  It supplements rather than replaces church activities
• How does Lyon relate consumerism to religion?

  Religion has relocated to the sphere of consumption
• What do postmodernists argue about the decline of traditional churches?

  It does not mean the end of religion
• What does Lyon criticize about Weber's view on rationalism?

  We are in a period of re-enchantment
• How does Parsons describe the current state of religion?

  It has become disengaged and privatized
• What does Lyon mean by religious ideas being disembedded?

  They are detached from physical places
• What is the main argument of religious market theory?

  Religion thrives in a competitive market
• How does religious market theory view the demand for religion?

  Demand is constant; people are naturally religious
• What is the relationship between diversity and competition in religious market theory?

  More diversity leads to more competition
• What is Stark and Bainbridge's view on secularisation?

  They reject secularisation theory
• According to Stark and Bainbridge, where is secularisation occurring?

  In places with a religious monopoly
• What do Stark and Bainbridge criticize about secularisation theory?

  It implies a golden age of religion
• What do compensators in religion provide?

  Supernatural rewards obtainable only through religion
• How does religious competition affect the quality of religion?

  It drives up the quality of religion
• Why is the USA considered more religious?

  No religious monopoly and more diversity
• How does diversity influence religious standards in the USA?

  Diversity drives up standards of religion
• Why is the UK/Europe considered less religious?

  Most have a religious monopoly and state support
• What is the impact of lack of competition on religion in the UK/Europe?

  Religion is less appealing and lower quality
• What evidence supports Stark and Bainbridge's theory?

  Studies show demand influenced by quality and variety
• What did Finke (1997) argue about Asian immigration in America?

  It caused Asian faiths to grow in popularity