Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

• Kapwa - defined by Virgilio Enriquez

  (founder of Sikolohiyang Filipino), as both

  the self and others.
• Kapwa - extend ourselves to others to be a man, woman, and a whole person to and for others.
• THREE MAJOR PERSPECTIVES IN

  IDENTITY FORMATION:

  1. Identity Theory

  2. Social Identity Theory

  3. Personal Identity Theory
• Identity Theory - based on roles

  assigned to individuals.
• Social Identity Theory - group

  membership and acceptance by the

  group.
• Personal Identity Theory - based on the

  personal characteristics of an individual.
• FOUR KINDS OF NORMS:

  1. Customs of folkways

  2. Mores

  3. Taboos

  4. Laws
• Customs of folkways

  • traditions and religious practices

  observed by a given community.

  • followed for the sake of respecting

  their parents or the community’s way

  of life and sake of convenience.
• Mores

  • norms that regulate ethical behavior

  • point to question what is wrong and

  right as prescribed by the society.

  • violating it may not have moral or legal

  consequences.
• Taboos

  • norms prohibiting individuals against

  practices that are considered to be

  extremely “immoral” or

  “unacceptable” in a society.
• Laws

  • written norms legislated by a law-making

  body.

  • carry punishment as a consequence for

  violators.
• TWO BASIC TYPES OF

  STATUS:

  1. Ascribed Status

  2. Achieved Status
• Ascribed Status

  • fixed for an individual at birth.

  • include those based upon sex, age, race,

  ethnic group, and family background.
• Achieved Status

  • those which individual acquires during

  his/her lifetime because of the exercise

  of knowledge, ability, skill, and/or

  perseverance.
• Roles

  • duties and responsibilities expected of

  us to fulfill because of our status.

  • depends on AGE.
• Gender identity

  • a personal understanding of oneself as

  male or female.
• Gender role

  • a set of societal norms imposing the

  types of behaviors which are usually

  considered acceptable, appropriate, or

  desirable, for people grounded based on

  one’s real or supposed sex or sexuality
• STATUS ROLES

  STUDENT STUDY WELL

  POLICEMAN PROTECT CITIZENS

  GOV. OFFICIALS SERVE THE PEOPLE
• Role conflict

  • stems out from the challenging and

  opposing pressures of two or more roles

  that struggle for our time and attention.
• Status

  • refers to our social position in society at

  a given time.

  • has two basic types
• How do we become

  a member of

  society/a kapwa?

  ENCULTURATION AND

  SOCIALIZATION
• Enculturation - process by

  which one becomes part of

  his/her culture.
• Socialization - process by which individuals

  acquire knowledge, language, social skills,

  and value to conform to the norms and roles

  required for integration into a

  group/community.
• Identity

  • the qualities, behavior, values, beliefs,

  personality, looks and/or expressions that

  make a person.
• FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO IDENTITY

  CHANGE:

  Environment

  Context

  Expectations
• Norms

  • Shared ideas and expectations about

  how certain people act in a given

  situation. *Has four (4) kinds
• Values

  • beliefs or intangible qualities accepted

  and endorsed by a given society.
• FILIPINO VALUES:

  1. Religiosity

  2. Utang na Loob

  3. Bayanihan

  4. Pakikipagkapwa
• Religiosity

  • spiritual life and religious practices are

  common to Christians, Muslims, and

  other Filipinos who belong to different

  religious groups.
• Utang na Loob

  • (a sense of gratitude not a debt of

  gratitude)

  • returning a favor or doing good to the

  person who helps you.
• Bayanihan

  • the act of an entire village or group of

  neighbors to help their kapwa.
• Pakikipagkapwa

  • similar to the golden rule of Confucius -

  do not do to others what you do not

  want done to yourself.
• Personality

  • Characteristics of a person arising from

  the interaction of:

  1. Genetics c. Enculturation

  b. Socialization d. Life Experiences
• golden rule of Confucius -do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.
• Chameleon

  effect -

  a social psychology

  phenomenon wherein

  people tend to make

  themselves blend into

  the environment.
• STRAIN THEORY

  • proposed by Robert Merton

  • argues that society may be

  set up in a way that

  encourages too much

  deviance.
• Social Ostracism - exclusion from a

  society or group.
• Not all deviances are bad.
• Team Players - Conformists
• Individualists - Deviants