11. Roles and relationships between men and women

• What is the focus of Part 1 in the study material?

  Theoretical arguments about gender roles
• What does postmodernism suggest about gender roles?

  Gender roles are changing and questioned
• Who proposed the concept of reflexivity in gender roles?

  Giddens
• What is confluent love according to the study material?

  Women have more choices, reducing male dominance
• What does Judith Stacey argue about family practices?

  Families create their own unique practices
• What is preference theory as proposed by Hakim?

  Women make rational choices about work
• What are the three classifications of women's work lifestyle preferences?

  Home-centred, adaptive, work-centred
• What percentage of women in Britain prefer not to work?

  20%
• What percentage of women in Britain want to combine work and family?

  60%
• What percentage of women in Britain prioritize employment?

  20%
• What is the functionalist view on gender roles?

  Roles are necessary for family specialization
• Who proposed the expressive role in families?

  Parsons
• What does the expressive role ensure in families?

  Emotional and psychological needs are met
• What is the instrumental role in families?

  Providing an income for the family
• According to Parsons, what influences gender roles?

  Biology and socialization processes
• What do Delphy and Leonard argue about women's roles?

  Women are subordinate due to unpaid labor
• What does the Marxist feminist perspective suggest about women's roles?

  Women support capitalism and patriarchy
• How do women act as a safety valve according to Fran Ansley?

  They absorb men's frustrations from work
• What is the concept of the symmetrical family proposed by Young and Wilmott?

  A family where roles are shared equally
• What are the three characteristics of the symmetrical family?

  Joint roles, nuclear family, privatized family
• What do time-budget diaries measure?

  Time spent on various activities
• What did Gershuny find about domestic work participation?

  Women do more domestic work than men
• What is lagged adaptation according to Gershuny?

  Women's roles change faster than men's
• What does Hakim argue about men's domestic work?

  Men already do more than their fair share
• How many hours a week does the average British man spend on housework?

  6 hours
• How many hours a week do African Caribbean men spend on housework?

  7 hours
• What does Oakley challenge about the symmetrical family?

  Men's contributions are overstated in research
• What is the triple shift according to Duncombe and Marsden?

  Women manage paid work, housework, and emotion work
• What does Man-Yee Kan's gender revolution theory suggest?

  Gender equality in labor division will be achieved
• What does Walzer find about women's roles in childcare?

  Women do more intellectual and organizing work
• What does Hakim's preference theory indicate about women's choices?

  Women have more choices in work types
• What percentage of men and women make large financial decisions together?

  67%
• Who is more likely to take charge of household budgeting?

  Women in couples with male partners
• What does the Crime Survey for England and Wales indicate about domestic violence?

  Domestic abuse has gradually decreased
• What percentage of respondents reported domestic abuse in 2005?

  7%
• What percentage of respondents reported domestic abuse in 2024?

  3.6%
• What does Hardhill's research indicate about decision-making in couples?

  Men's careers often come first in decisions
• What does Pahl's research suggest about financial equality?

  Women need equal earnings for true equality
• What fraction of UK women will experience domestic abuse?

  1/3
• What does Stanko's data suggest about domestic violence frequency?

  Acts occur every 6 seconds