12. Roles and relationships between parents and children

• What is the term for the extended period of childhood?

  The Extension of childhood
• How did Lawrence Stone describe children's roles in the past?

  As extra workers for their parents
• What is the current notion regarding children according to the study material?

  Children need to be loved and protected
• At what age can children vote in the UK?

  18 years old
• What is the minimum age for marriage in the UK?

  18 years old
• What significant change occurred regarding education in England in the 1880s?

  Education became compulsory
• What was the school-leaving age raised to?

  16 years old
• What does the term 'kippers' refer to?

  Young adults living with parents post-education
• What does Furedi (2001) suggest about modern parenting?

  Parents are overly protective and paranoid
• What negative impact does Furedi suggest results from parental paranoia?

  It undermines children's sense of adventure
• What cultural change does Furedi advocate for regarding childhood?

  Adults should engage more positively with children
• What is child-centredness in family dynamics?

  • Families revolve around children's needs
  • Increased spending on children's welfare
  • Parents make sacrifices for children's well-being
• How have family sizes changed in relation to parenting?

  Families are smaller, allowing more attention
• How has legislation affected children's work opportunities?

  It has restricted children's opportunities to work
• What is the implication of children being excluded from paid work?

  They become a financial burden on parents
• How are children viewed in terms of development today?

  As having special needs requiring skilled parenting
• What role do child experts play in modern parenting?

  They provide guidance on raising children
• What is 'pester power'?

  Children's influence on parents' spending decisions
• How much do parents spend on unnecessary items due to pester power?

  £460 a year
• What was the estimated cost of raising a child from birth to 21 in 2013?

  £230,000
• What is age patriarchy?

  • Adult domination over children
  • Child dependency in the family
  • Adults have more power over children
• How are children's activities monitored today?

  Through electronic systems and surveillance
• What forms of control do parents exert over children?

  Control over time and bodies
• What types of abuse can children experience?

  Physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect
• Which age group has the highest homicide rate?

  Children under 1 year
• What percentage of adults experienced child abuse before age 16?

  1/5 of adults
• What impact do long working hours have on fathers' involvement?

  They limit fathers' time with children
• How has separation and divorce affected fathers' relationships with children?

  Fathers often lose contact with their children
• How much time did mothers increase spending with children during the study?

  From 15 minutes to 1 hour
• How much time did fathers spend with their children according to the study?

  From 5 minutes to 35 minutes
• What did the lockdown reveal about mothers' roles in childcare?

  Mothers spent more time on childcare than fathers
• What did Dr. Christopher Kahu's research indicate about mothers during lockdown?

  Mothers spent around 6 hours on childcare daily
• What trend was observed regarding parents registering for online lessons during lockdown?

  More than ¾ of registrants were women
• What past studies indicated about women's concerns over children's education?

  Women were more concerned than men
• What does the pandemic suggest about changes in parenting roles?

  It shows that traditional roles persist