GENBIO2

• Circle of Life - Is a concept that refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of all living organisms and the environment.
• Circle of Life- It encompasses the cycle of birth, growth, reproduction, and death, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients through various ecosystems.
• Reproduction- Is the process by which an organism/s replicate themselves. Making a copy, likeness, thereby providing for the continued existence of the species
• Fertilization - The fusion of the hereditary material of two different sex cells or gametes , each of which carries half the number of chromosomes typical of the species.
• Growth - Refers to the increase in mass and size of a body or an organ. Typically occurs through multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance.
• Development - Refers to the physiological and functional maturation of the organism. Typically refers to the increase in capacity and skill to effectively function
• Reproduction could either be sexual and asexual
• Sexual Reproduction is when there are two parents involved (male and female)
• Asexual Reproduction is when only one parent is needed
• Asexual Reproduction - doesn't need sex cells, only one parent, offspring known as clones.
• Sexual Reproduction - need 2 sex cells to form zygote, offspring shows variation and not genetically the same with parent
• Asexual reproduction in plants - produces identical offspring from a single parent plant. Eliminates genetic recombination. It can occur naturally and artificially with the aid of humans.
• Natural Vegetative Reproduction (Asexual) - reproduction of plants from its vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures. Stems, leaves, and roots are vegetative organs modified to carry reproductive function
• Tuber - new shoots arise from axillary bud on swollen, short, fleshy, underground stem. Examples are cassava and potatoes
• Runner/Stolon - New plants arise from nodes of aboveground horizontal stem. example are bermunda grass and strawberry
• Corm - New plants arise from very short, thickened, underground stem with thin, scaly leaves. Example are Gladiolus and taro
• SSP in scientific name - means variations and subspecies
• X in scientific name - means hybrid
• Rhizome - New plants arise at nodes of underground horizontal rootlike stem. example is ginger and sugarcane
• Bulb - New bulbs arise from axillary bud on very short stem with thick fleshy leaves (only in monocots) . examples are onion and garlic
• Plantlets - Arise from meristematic tissues located along the notches of the leaves. examples are katakataka plant and maternity plant
• Suckers/sprouts - Vegetative formation of a new stem and root system from an adventitious bud of a stem or root, either naturally or by human action. examples are dandelion and apple tree
• Artificial Propagation methods (asexual) - known as artificial plant propagation. method carried by humans to propagate plants. oldest method of vegetative propagation by cutting the stems.
• Stock- root-bearing host plant
• Scion- grafted part attached to stock
• Cutting - Leaves or pieces of stems or roots are cut from one plant, planted in soil, and used to grow new individuals. examples shrubs, apples, grapes
• Budding & Grafting - Small stems from one plant are attached to larger stems or roots of another plant. examples some nut trees and oranges.
• Layering - A stem is attached to the plant is bent and covered with soil. Young stems that can be bent easily without any injury are preferred. examples are bougainvillea and jasmine
• Marcotting - Involves propagating a new plant from a branch still attached to the parent plant, by getting roots to form on the branch. example are rose and mango
• Tissue Culture - Pieces of tissue from one plant are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new individuals in mass numbers. examples are potato and orchid
• Tissue Culture - • Plants are totipotent or has the ability of becoming a new plant. • Also know as Micropropagation. • Is a process based on plant’s ability to grow from single cell. • Is the growth of plant tissues in an artificial liquid or solid culture media.
• Somatic Embryogenesis (Tissue culture type) - Certain hormones are added into the medium, causing tissue cells to grow into small masses of cells that can grow later into new identical plants or plantlets.
• Meristematic Tissue culture (tissue culture type) - Producing whole plants through meristem tissue can also produce clonal plants that have the same traits. • Tissue culture technique used in labs to eliminate viruses and other parasites while growing plants in vitro. • They either use the growing tips of plant shoots or roots
• Anther tissue culture (tissue culture type) - Also called Pollen Culture • Produces plantlets from the haploid cells of pollen grains. • By adding chemical agents into the medium, diploid plantlet can be produced by inducing the chromosomes to double in number
• Pollen grain - male gametophyte develop from microspores
• Embryo sac - female gametophyte develop from megaspores
• Plants reproduce sexual characteristics by alternation of generations: Plants’ diploid sporophyte generations that produce haploid gametophyte generations that fuse to generate a new diploid sporophyte.
• • Both the pollen grain and the embryo sac are produced in separate, specialized structures inside the flower. • Having an ovary allows the plant to produce seeds enclosed within fruits. • Seeds protect the future embryo from harm and only grow when favorable conditions exist.
• Flowering plants are called angiosperms.
• Sepal/Calyx - s the leaf-like green structure protecting the bud as the flower develops