QA4

• What is one of the major branches of biology concerned with organisms?

  Organismal Biology
• What aspects of organisms does organismal biology cover?

  Biodiversity, anatomy, physiology, development
• What does xylem transport in plants?

  Water and mineral salts
• What does phloem transport in plants?

  Sucrose and amino acids
• What are the two main types of plant parts?

  • Reproductive
  • Vegetative
• What is Nepenthes cabanae?

  A tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mt. Malimumu
• How many Nepenthes species are in the Mt. Pantaron range?

  Eight species
• What is the conservation status of Nepenthes cabanae?

  Critically Endangered
• What is the significance of the Mt. Pantaron range for Nepenthes species?

  It is home to eight Nepenthes species
• What are the main taxonomic classifications for Nepenthes cabanae?

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Tracheophytes
  • Clade: Angiosperms
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Order: Caryophyllales
  • Family: Nepenthaceae
  • Genus: Nepenthes
  • Species: N. cabanae
• What is the matured ovary of a plant called?

  Fruit
• What is a fertilized plant gamete called?

  Seed
• What are the differences between vascular and nonvascular plants?

  • Nonvascular: No xylem and phloem, small size, needs moist environments, uses spores, no visible leaves/roots/stems
  • Vascular: Has xylem and phloem, can grow tall, survives in diverse environments, uses spores or seeds, has visible leaves/roots/stems
• What are the types of stems in plants?

  • Shoot: Young stem
  • Twig: Stemless, less than a year old
  • Trunk: Main woody stem
  • Branch: More than 1 year old with lateral buds
  • Vines: Long trailing stem
• What is the pith in a trunk?

  Initial provider of nutrients
• What is heartwood in a trunk?

  Heaviest and densest part
• What is sapwood in a trunk?

  Third layer of vascular tissue
• What is cambium in a trunk?

  Outer growth layer creating sapwood and phloem
• What is bark in a trunk?

  Outermost layer and first line of defense
• What is the function of phloem?

  Moves transformed sap containing sugar
• What do wood rays do?

  Allow transportation of sap radially
• What are the components of the plant's circulatory system?

  • Xylem: Transports water and nutrients
  • Phloem: Conducts sugar from leaves
  • Cambium: Meristematic tissue between xylem and phloem
• What are the differences between monocots and dicots?

  • Monocots: One cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots, flower parts in multiples of 3
  • Dicots: Two cotyledons, net-like veins, vascular bundles in a ring, taproot system, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
• What are plant hormones also called?

  Phytohormones
• What do growth promoters do?

  Stimulate plant growth and development
• What do auxins promote?

  Cell elongation, root growth, fruit development
• What do cytokinins stimulate?

  Cell division and delay leaf aging
• What do gibberellins stimulate?

  Stem elongation and seed germination
• What does ethylene promote?

  Fruit ripening and leaf abscission
• What does abscisic acid (ABA) help plants do?

  Survive drought by closing stomata
• What is photomorphogenesis?

  Plant growth response to light quality and intensity
• What is photoperiodism?

  Plant's response to day and night lengths
• What is phototropism?

  Directional growth of a plant in response to light
• What is positive phototropism?

  Growth toward the light source
• What is negative phototropism?

  Growth away from the light source
• What is gravitropism?

  Plant growth response to gravity
• What is positive gravitropism?

  Growth of roots toward gravity's pull
• What is negative gravitropism?

  Growth of shoots against gravity's pull
• What are nutrients essential for?

  Sustaining life
• What are autotrophs?

  Organisms that produce their own food