Cell structure

• RER are made of a stack of membrane folds. these membrane folds called Cisternae
• the function of the RER is To synthesise proteins the will be released out of the cell (e.g. enzymes, hormones etc)
• Once proteins have been synthesised in the RER, which organelle are they transported to ? Golgi apparatus.
• SER are made of a stack of membrane folds. What are these membrane folds called? Cisternae
• the function of the SER is To synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
• Once lipids and carbohydrates have been synthesised in the RER, which organelle are they transported to ? Golgi apparatus
• the structural difference between the RER and SER is that The RER have ribosomes bound to the cisternae, and the SER does not
• Golgi apparatus are made from stacks of layers of membrane. What are these layers of membrane called? cisternae
• the function of the Golgi apparatus is To modify and package proteins, carbohydrates and lipids into vesicles
• What comprises the outside of vesicles? A single  phospholipid bilayer
• What is a lysosome? Vesicles containing lysozymes (enzymes)
• the function of vesicle is To transport molecules outside the cell
• Mitochondria are surrounded by an double membrane. The inner membrane is folded. What are these folds called? Cristae
• What is the jelly-like substance inside a mitochondria called?

  Matrix
• the function of the mitochondria is that It is the site of respiration and therefore wher ATP is produced
• Which cellular process are centrioles involved in? Cell division
• Which polysaccharide are plant cell walls made from? Cellulose
• Which polysaccharide are fungi cell walls made from? Chitin (chi-a-tin)
• Which biological molecule do algae cell walls also contain? Glycoproteins
• the function of the cell wall is that it Maintains the shape of a plant cell, prevent lysis, and provide strength and support
• the single membrane that surrounds the vacuole is called the tonoplast
• the function of the vacuole is to provide turgidity and store food
• the individual discs found inside a chloroplast are called Thylakoids
• What is a stack of thylakoids called? Grana
• the structures that connect grana are called lamallae
• the fluid found inside a chloroplast is called the stroma
• the function of chloroplasts is the site of photosynthesis
• Which polysacchride can be found inside chloroplasts? Starch
• Describe a adaptation a cell would have to carry out more active transport.

  More mitochindria
• Describe an adaptation a muscle cell would have to enable it to contract more

  More mitochondria
• How might the mitochindria in muscle cells be adapted to enable the muscle cell to contract more? They would have more cristae
• Explain why muscle cells and mitochondria have these adaptations

  For an increased surface area for more respiration and therefore more contraction
• Describe an adaptation a palisade mesophyll cell might have to phptpsynthesise more

  More chloroplasts
• How might the Chloroplasts  in palisade mesophyll cells be adapted to enable the cells to photosynthesise  more? More thylakoids
• Explain why palisade mesophyll cells and thylakoids might have these adaptations

  An increased surface area for more photosynthesis
• Which three organelles might a glandular cells have more of? More ribosome (on the RER), more golgi apparatus, and more ATP
• Why might glandular cells have more ribosomes on their RER? To synthesise more proteins for secretion
• Why might glandular cells have more golgi apparatus? To package more proteins for secretion
• Why might glandular cells have more rmitochondria? To produce more ATP for more vesicle transport
• What is the avergae diameter of an prokaryotic cell? 5µm