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Neurophisiology
Neurophisiology
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Cards (163)
What is the role of the sodium pump?
Maintaining
ion gradients
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Which ion primarily sets the membrane potential?
Potassium
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What happens when the membrane potential becomes more negative?
Hyperpolarization
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What happens when the membrane potential becomes less negative?
Depolarization
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What does the impermeability of the plasma membrane to ions enable cells to do?
Establish large
ion concentration differences
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What is the plasma membrane's permeability to ions?
Impermeable
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Is
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
more concentrated inside or outside the cell?
Outside
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Is
K
+
K^+
K
+
more concentrated inside or outside the cell?
Inside
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Is
C
a
2
+
Ca^{2+}
C
a
2
+
more concentrated inside or outside the cell?
Outside
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Why are ion concentrations across the cell membrane critical?
For
neuronal signalling
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Is
C
l
−
Cl^-
C
l
−
more concentrated inside or outside the cell?
Outside
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How are ion concentration differences generated across the cell membrane?
Low permeability,
ion channels
,
sodium-potassium pumps
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Why are
K
+
K^+
K
+
and
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
differences critical?
Generate
resting
and
action potentials
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What forms ion channels?
Proteins
spanning the
cell membrane
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What characteristic determines ion channel selectivity?
Ion
selective pores
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When do ions move through ion channels?
When the channels are
open
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What is the function of leaky potassium channels?
Set the
resting potential
of the cell
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What are ion channels that are always open called?
Leaky channels
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What stimuli can cause normally closed ion channels to open?
Voltage, neurotransmitter, stretch, pain, light
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What are voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels responsible for?
The
action potential
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What do voltage-gated calcium channels trigger?
Neurotransmitter release at synapses
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What are ligand-gated ion channels responsible for?
Synaptic transmission
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What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
Transports
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
out and
K
+
K^+
K
+
in
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What energy source does the sodium-potassium pump require?
ATP
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What gradients does the sodium-potassium pump generate?
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
and
K
+
K^+
K
+
concentration gradients
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Why is low membrane permeability important for the sodium-potassium pump?
To minimize energy expenditure
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Why does the neuron need to work hard to maintain
K
+
K^+
K
+
inside?
To maintain ion concentration gradients
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Does the
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
/
K
+
/K^+
/
K
+
pump generate the RMP or action potential?
No
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What does the
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
/
K
+
/K^+
/
K
+
pump generate that is essential for neuronal activity?
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
and
K
+
K^+
K
+
concentration gradients
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Why does the brain need a constant supply of glucose and oxygen?
To fuel the
pumps
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What is the clinical connection of ischemia?
Stroke
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What does lack of oxygen cause in neurons?
Failure of
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
/
K
+
/K^+
/
K
+
pumps
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What do neurons lose due to the failure of
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
/
K
+
/K^+
/
K
+
pumps?
Ion gradients
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What is the consequence of losing ion gradients?
Loss of neuronal activity
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What sets the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)?
K
+
K^+
K
+
concentration gradient
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What is the ultimate consequence of the loss of neuronal activity due to ischemia?
Brain death
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How does
K
+
K^+
K
+
move out of the cell?
Down its
concentration gradient
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What charge does the inside of the cell become as
K
+
K^+
K
+
moves out?
More
negative
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Is the
K
+
K^+
K
+
leak large or small?
Small
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What would happen if the
K
+
K^+
K
+
leak were large?
Concentration gradient
would be lost
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