Transition Metals

• What are transition metals according to AQA?

  d-block elements with partially filled d-orbitals
• How does IUPAC define transition metals?

  Elements with incomplete d-orbitals or cations
• Why is zinc not considered a transition metal?

  It has a full d-orbital in its ions
• Why is scandium considered a transition metal by IUPAC but not by AQA?

  It has an incomplete d-orbital in its cations
• What are the physical properties of transition metals?

  • High melting and boiling points
  • Hard and strong
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Shiny appearance
• Why do transition metals have higher melting and boiling points than group 1 and 2 metals?

  Stronger metallic bonds due to charge difference
• What are the chemical properties of transition metals?

  • Form coloured ions in solution
  • Variable oxidation states
  • Form complex molecules/ions
  • Act as catalysts
• What causes the chemical reactions of transition metals?

  Partially filled d-orbitals of transition metals
• What is a complex in chemistry?

  A molecule with a central TM atom and ligands
• What is a ligand?

  Atom/ion/molecule donating electrons to TM ion
• What is the coordinate number in a complex?

  Number of coordinate bonds around central TM atom
• What are some uses of transition metals?

  • Copper: pipes and wires
  • Titanium: jet engines
  • Iron: reinforcing concrete and vehicles
• What is nickel used for as a catalyst?

  Margarine production
• What is iron used for in the Haber process?

  Catalyst for ammonia production
• What is platinum used for?

  Catalytic converters
• What is the order of filling for electron configurations in transition metals?

  • 4s fills before 3d
  • 4s empties before 3d for ions
• How do ligands interact with transition metals?

  • Ligands act as Lewis bases
  • They donate a pair of electrons to TM ions
• How do hybrid orbitals form in transition metal complexes?

  Hybridization of orbitals allows bonding
• What is the maximum number of ligands that can bond to a central metal ion?

  6 ligands
• What happens when chloride ions are added to a TM complex?

  Coordination number decreases from 6 to 4
• What are the types of ligands?

  • Monodentate: one co-ordinate bond
  • Bidentate: two co-ordinate bonds
  • Multidentate: multiple co-ordinate bonds
• What is EDTA?

  Hexadentate ligand used as a preservative
• How does EDTA bond to a central metal ion?

  Forms a stable claw shape around the ion
• What is haemoglobin's structure?

  Fe(II) complex with a porphyrin ring
• How does carbon monoxide affect haemoglobin?

  Displaces oxygen by forming a stronger bond
• What causes anaemia related to transition metals?

  Iron deficiency or blood loss reduces oxygen transport
• What are the shapes of TM complexes?

  • Bidentate: linear
  • Tetradentate: tetrahedral
  • Hexadentate: octahedral
• What must be included when naming TM complexes?

  • Number of each type of ligand
  • Identity of each ligand
  • Identity of central metal ion
  • Oxidation state of the metal
• What are the names of some common ligands?

  • H2O: aqua
  • NH3: ammine
  • Cl-: chloro
  • OH-: hydroxo
  • CN-: cyano
  • O: oxo
• What are the names of metal ions in negative complexes?

  • Chromium: chromate
  • Cobalt: cobaltate
  • Copper: cuprate
  • Iron: ferrate
  • Manganese: manganate
  • Nickel: nickelate
  • Silver: argenate
  • Vanadium: vanadate
  • Aluminium: aluminate
• What types of isomerism can TMs form?

  • E-Z isomers in octahedral and square planar complexes
  • Optical isomers with bidentate ligands in octahedral complexes
• What is geometric isomerism in TM complexes?

  Different arrangements of ligands around the central metal
• How does cisplatin function as a cancer drug?

  Binds to guanine in DNA and stops replication
• What is the product of the reaction [Ag(NH3)2]+?

  Diamminesilver(I)
• What is the product of the reaction [Co(NH3)6]2+?

  Hexaamminecobalt(II)
• What is the product of the reaction [Co(H2O)6]2+?

  Hexaaquacobalt(II)
• What is the product of the reaction [CuCl4]2-?

  Tetrachlorocuprate(II)
• What types of isomerism can transition metals (TMs) exhibit?

  • E-Z isomers (octahedral and square planar)
  • Optical isomers (with bidentate ligands)
• In which complexes can geometric isomerism occur?

  Octahedral and square planar complexes
• What does the 'Z' in E-Z isomerism indicate?

  Ligands are next to each other