P2

• 1. Academic Intelligence: emphasizes cognitive abilities related to academic achievement, such as mathematical reasoning, language proficiency, and problem-solving skills. High grades and standardized test scores are often seen as indicators of academic intelligence.
• 1. Practical intelligence focuses on an individual's ability to navigate real-life situations effectively. It includes skills like adaptability, common sense, and the ability to solve everyday problems. People with high practical intelligence may excel in tasks like budgeting, home repair, or time management.
• 1. Emotional intelligence is the capacity to recognize, understand, manage, and effectively use one's emotions and the emotions of others. It involves skills such as empathy, self-awareness, and social skills. Individuals with high emotional intelligence may excel in areas like interpersonal relationships and leadership.
• Creative intelligence centers on the ability to think creatively, generate innovative ideas, and solve problems in unconventional ways. Creative individuals may excel in fields like art, music, and invention.
• Social Intelligence involves the ability to understand social cues, navigate social situations, and build and maintain positive relationships with others. A leader who can effectively communicate with and motivate team members, resolve conflicts, and build a cohesive work environment exhibits high social intelligence
• Cultural norms and expectations can influence how individuals in a particular culture express their intelligence (humble intelligence in Japan vs self-promotion and assertiveness in US)
• In collectivist cultures, intelligence may be perceived as a group-oriented skill, such as harmonious social interactions, cooperation, and loyalty. In individualist cultures, it may be more individual-focused, emphasizing personal achievements and autonomy.
• Educational systems are heavily influenced by cultural perspectives on intelligence. Some cultures may place a strong emphasis on rote memorization and standardized testing, while others may value creative problem-solving, critical thinking, and collaboration.
• The language and communication styles within a culture can also influence how intelligence is perceived. Some languages may have specific vocabulary or expressions related to certain forms of intelligence, which can affect how people conceptualize and discuss intelligence.
• Measuring intelligence across cultures is a complex endeavor due to the cultural diversity and variations in how intelligence is perceived and expressed. 
• To achieve valid and fair assessments of intelligence in different cultural contexts, psychologists and researchers have developed several strategies and considerations such as cultural fairness, test adaptation, bilingual assessment, representative standardization sample, combining qualitative and quantitative assessment, local expertise, c-c training.
• Factors affecting c-c intelligence include cultural awareness, open-mindedness, empathy, communication skills, adaptability and respect for diversity.
• IQ tests are designed to measure a person's cognitive abilities in various domains, including logical reasoning, problem-solving, memory, and verbal comprehension.
• IQ tests are often used to provide an overall measure of an individual's general cognitive abilities and can be used in various contexts, including education, clinical assessment, and employment selection.
• IQ test scores are typically reported as a single number, which is normalized to have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, meaning that the majority of the population will score between 85 and 115.
• Raven's Progressive Matrices is a non-verbal intelligence test that assesses an individual's abstract reasoning and problem-solving abilities. It consists of visual patterns and requires test-takers to identify the missing piece in a pattern from a set of options and is scored based on the number of correct answers or the level of difficulty at which the individual reached.
• Raven's Matrices are primarily used to measure fluid intelligence, which is the ability to think logically and solve novel problems without relying on prior knowledge or learned skills. It is considered less influenced by cultural and educational factors than traditional IQ tests.
• The Flynn Effect refers to a phenomenon in which the average IQ scores of populations have been increasing over the years, suggesting that the same individual's performance on an IQ test would have been lower in the past compared to the present. 
• Different cultures may exhibit distinct problem-solving approaches and strategies. For instance, Western cultures often prioritize individualistic, analytical, and deductive reasoning, while Eastern cultures may emphasize holistic, relational, and inductive reasoning.
• Cross-cultural surveys involve collecting data from participants representing different cultures through standardized questionnaires or surveys, designed to measure psychological constructs, attitudes, behaviors, or values across diverse cultural groups. It allows for large-scale comparisons, has quantitative nature, and is standardized.