the same group of people have the dependent variable measured at baseline, are given the first condition which is either the manipulation or a placebo, this is then measured, then the same group of people go through the second condition which is once again the manipulation or placebo and this is measured again
but this results in order and carry over effects
Order and carry over effects:
Time remains a confounder, natural recovery can occur
Treatments might have lasting effects (positive or negative)
So each treatment might start from a different baseline
but randomisation of the order of different people experiencing the different conditions can control this