Exeptions

• Volentary assumption of responsibility (R v stone & dobinson)
• Close relationshi (R v lowe, R v hood, R v gibbins & proctor)
• Creation of situation of danger (R v miller)
• Statutory duty (s.6 road traffic act 1988)
• Contractual duty (R v Pittwood)
• Official duty (R v Dythem)