Foundation AQA Biology Paper 1

• What are the structures of an animal cell?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
• What are the structures of a plant cell?

  All structures from animal cells and cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.
• What does the nucleus do?

  Stores DNA and directs all cellular activities.
• What is the cytoplasm do?

  Where most chemical reactions take place.
• What does the cell membrane do?

  Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.
• What is the mitochondria?

  Powerhouse of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place.
• What are ribosomes?

  site of protein synthesis
• What is the cell wall?

  Found on the outside of plant cells, it is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell.
• What is the permanent vacuole?

  Found in plant cells, it helps support the cell.
• What are chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis.
• Do all plant cells have chloroplasts?

  No.
• What are the two main type of cell?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
• What cells are eukaryotic?

  Plant, animal and fungal cells
• What cell is prokaryotic?

  bacteria
• What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  prokaryotic cells are smaller, do not contain a nucleus genetic material is instead in a single DNA loop and they contain small rings called plasmids.
• What is a typical bacterial cell?

  Cytoplasm which takes over job of mitochondria and chloroplasts, may be a flagella, plasmids are present.
• How many micrometers are in a meter?

  1,000,000
• What is a light microscope?

  A microscope that uses a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image. This microscope magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size.
• What is a electron microscope?

  a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and using electron lenses.
• What is the formula for magnification?

  Magnification = image size / real size
• What is cell division?

  Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
• Where are chromosomes found?

  nucleus of a cell
• How many chromosomes do humans have?

  46 (23 pairs)
• What happens before cell division?

  The cell copies all of its DNA
• What are stem cells?

  undifferentiated cells
• Where are stem cells found?


  In early human embryos
• What are stem cells from human embryos called?

  embryonic stem cells
• What is therapeutic cloning?


  An embryo could be made to have the same genetic information as the patientThe stem cells produced from it would also contain the same genes - they wouldn't be rejected by the patient's body if used to replace faulty cells
• Where are stem cells found in plants?

  Meristems
• Why are people concerned about using stem cells from cloned embryos?

  Viral infection and religious/ethical objections
• What is diffusion?

  The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Why does diffusion happen?

  Because the particles move randomly and spread out.
• What are factors affecting the rate of diffusion?

  -The concentration gradient - the higher it is, the faster the rate of diffusion.-The thickness of the exchange surface - the thinner the exchange surface, the faster the rate.-The surface area - the larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion.-The temperature - the warmer it is, the faster the rate of diffusion because the particles have more kinetic energy so they move faster.
• What is osmosis?

  diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane
• What is active transport?

  Movement of substances against a concentration gradient from a low area to and high area of concentration.
• What processes allow molecules to move?

  Diffusion, osmosis, active transport.
• What processes is movement down a concentration gradient?

  Diffusion and osmosis.
• What processes always involve movement of water?

  Osmosis.
• What processes need energy for respiration?

  Active transport.
• What are specialised cells?

  Cells that carry out a specific function.