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Module 2
Nucleotides and Nucleic acids
transcription and translation
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This process of protein synthesis occurs in two stages
Transcription
– DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced
Translation
– mRNA (messenger RNA) is translated and an amino acid sequence is produced
Transcription occurs in the
nucleus
and produces
shorter
molecules of
RNA.
Transcription occurs in the
nucleus
and produces
shorter
molecules of RNA.
A section of a DNA molecule
unwinds
and
unzips
, using
DNA Helicase.
The strand that runs 3’ to 5’ is known as the
antisense
strand and acts as a
template
for transcription.
Free
RNA nucleotides pair to their
complementary
base on the antisense strand. (
Uracil
, not
thymine
)
RNA Polymerase
forms
phosphodiester
bonds
At the end of the gene the completed RNA strand is called
mRNA
and detaches and
leaves
the nucleus.
Translation occurs in the
ribosome
and results in the production of
tRNA
and then a
polypeptide
translation -
mRNA
binds to the
small subunit
on the ribosome and
tRNA
with a complementary
anticodon
to the start codon of
AUG
binds
This
tRNA
carries an
amino acid
called
Methionine
tRNA
with the anticodon
UGC
with the amino acid threonine binds to
ACG
on
mRNA.
Two
tRNAs are now bound (max)
Methionine is bound to Threonine by a
peptide
bond by peptidyl transferase (from rRNA)
The
ribosome
moves along
mRNA
and releases the
first
tRNA. The second is now the first.
This process repeats, until the ribosome reaches the
stop codon
and the
polypeptide is released.
Where does mRNA bond when it leaves the nucleus?
Small subunit
of a
ribosome
at its
start codon
What brings the first amino acid to the mRNA?
tRNA complementary anticodon
The first codon is always AUG what will the first amino acid be?
methionine
How does the tRNA know the correct amino acid to bring?
complementary anticodon
What codes for the second amino acid?
The next
codon
(3 bases) codes for the next
amino acid.
The
methionine
is bonded to the
second
amino acid
DNA
- Stores genetic information in a cell
mRNA
- Carries the information for a protein out of the nucleus
tRNA
- Carries the correct amino acids to the ribosomes to make the protein
rRNA
- Makes up part of the
ribosomes
used to make proteins
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