Primary non-specific defences

• What are primary non-specific defences?

  First line of defence against pathogens
• How do the components of primary non-specific defences work together to protect the body?

  They form a multi-layered barrier against pathogens
• How do tears and saliva contribute to primary non-specific defences?

  They wash away pathogens
• What type of defence does the skin provide against pathogens?

  Primary non-specific defence
• How do sweat glands contribute to skin defence?

  They wash away pathogens on the skin surface
• What is the function of the skin in primary non-specific defences?

  Acts as a physical barrier
• What is the function of keratin in the epidermis?

  It repels water to prevent pathogen entry
• What is the role of the epidermis in skin defence?

  It acts as a physical barrier against pathogens
• How do the components of primary non-specific defences work together?

  They protect the body without recognizing specific threats
• What are the three layers of the skin and their functions?

  • Epidermis: Outermost layer, densely packed cells
  • Dermis: Middle layer, contains sweat glands and blood vessels
  • Hypodermis: Deepest layer, consists of fat tissue
• How does the skin act as a barrier against pathogens?

  It keeps viruses and bacteria from entering
• What role do hair follicles play in skin defence?

  They trap pathogens before deeper penetration
• What are the key structures found in the dermis layer of the skin?

  • Sweat glands
  • Hair follicles
  • Blood vessels
• How does mucus function like flypaper?

  It catches pathogens trying to enter
• What is the purpose of the inflammatory response in primary non-specific defences?

  Isolates infections through redness and swelling
• What analogy is used to describe the role of tears and saliva?

  • They are like natural cleaning crews
  • They keep eyes and mouth free from germs
• What happens to digested nutrients in phagocytosis?

  They are absorbed into the cytoplasm
• How do tears and saliva contribute to the body's defenses?

  They act as physical barriers and wash away pathogens
• How do tears and saliva act as a barrier against pathogens?

  • Wash away pathogens
  • Prevent infection by removing harmful germs
• What is the purpose of the "Food particle" in the nutrition process of amoeba?

  • The food particle is the source of nutrients for the amoeba
  • The amoeba engulfs the food particle during ingestion
  • The food particle is then digested inside a food vacuole
• What is the structure labeled as "Nucleus" in the image?

  The control center of the amoeba
• What is the function of phagocytes in primary non-specific defences?

  Engulf and destroy pathogens
• What is the name of the process shown in the image?

  Nutrition in amoeba
• What is the final step in the nutrition process of amoeba shown in the image?

  Egestion
• What do mucous membranes do in primary non-specific defences?

  Line body openings and trap pathogens
• How do the processes shown in the images contribute to the overall inflammatory response?

  They work together to increase blood flow, attract immune cells, and clear pathogens/debris
• How is undigested waste eliminated from the amoeba?

  Through exocytosis
• What role do lysosomes play in phagocytosis?

  They merge with phagosomes to digest food
• What is the name of the cell type shown on the left side of the image?

  Healthy cell
• How does an amoeba use pseudopodia?

  To surround and engulf food particles
• Why do the capillaries dilate in the second image?

  To allow more blood flow to the area
• What role do digestive enzymes play in the stomach?

  They help break down food further
• How do the processes shown in the four images relate to the body's inflammatory response?

  They describe the steps of the inflammatory response, from vasodilation to phagocytosis
• How do primary non-specific defences function?

  They work without recognizing specific threats
• What is the name of the process shown in the first image?

  Histamine & prostaglandins released
• What are the key structures found in the hypodermis layer of the skin?

  • Fat tissue
• How do NK cells respond when inhibitory signals fail?

  • Activating signals trigger NK cells
  • NK cells release cytotoxic substances
  • Target cell is destroyed
  • Protects against disease spread
• What do lysosomes contain that aids in digestion?

  Digestive enzymes
• Why is stomach acid considered a primary defense mechanism?

  It kills harmful pathogens in food and drink
• What do phagocytes do during the inflammatory response?

  They perform phagocytosis