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• Excess stomach acid can cause burning sensation in the chest, abdominal pain or even vomiting, and is described as having 'indigestion', a 'sour stomach' or 'heartburn'.
• Excess acid can irritate and damage the esophagus, causing glands in the esophagus to produce more mucus to "lubricate".
• Excess stomach acid is a common problem that affects people daily and can be alleviated by increasing the stomach pH or reducing its secretion.
• Antiviral medications, vaccines, and mutation of viruses are topics discussed in this text.
• The stomach produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) to help with the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates (sugars) and to kill any bacteria that might be consumed in slightly spoiled food, protecting you from food poisoning.
• Viruses range in size from 20-500 nm, have single/double stranded DNA/RNA as genetic material, have a capsid made of protein, lack a cellular structure, and require a host cell to reproduce.
• The process of viral infection involves an antigen, which is any kind of marker that the immune system can recognize and produce antibodies against.
• Factors increasing stomach acid include a diet high in spicy, fatty or acidic foods, stress, lack of sleep or certain medical conditions, and eating very large meals or lying down after eating.
• For chronic issues, omeprazole prevents potential damage to the stomach lining, which could lead to ulcers.
• Both omeprazole and ranitidine function to reduce the amount of stomach acid produced.
• Both omeprazole and ranitidine are taken orally.
• Omeprazole has a polar functional group, while ranitidine has a charged structure.
• Omeprazole binds to the proton pump, creating a covalent bond that inhibits the release of hydrogen ions into the stomach.
• Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).
• Omeprazole provides longer-lasting effects, lasting 1-3 days for a single dose compared to ranitidine.
• Omeprazole requires liver metabolism before its active metabolite affects acid secretion, taking up to 24 hours for onset.
• The active metabolite of omeprazole covalently binds to the proton pump.
• In 25 minutes, one infected virus can form this many copies, demonstrating exponential growth.
• Three receptors in the parietal cells that must all be activated to produce and release stomach acid are the histamine receptor, gastrin receptor, and acetylcholine receptors.
• High Level Waste (HLW) is nuclear waste that gives off a lot of radiation over a long period of time, has a long half-life, and generates heat.
• Mutation of viruses occurs when two or more different strains of the same virus infect the cell, producing a new hybrid strain, and the immune system is not able to recognize the virus strain.
• Interfering with the action of any of these receptors will stop acid production and release chloride ions (Cl-) via a separate pump.
• Low Level Waste (LLW) is short term, small amounts of ionizing radiation, contains less radioactive content than HLW, and can be transported to a central storage facility and stored in dry storage.
• Small mistakes are made in the replication process resulting in changes in the proteins on the outside of the virus and the virus can infect the immune system even if immunity of the virus has already been established.
• Solvent disposal is a growing environmental problem.
• Incineration releases CO2 at a quick rate and uses high amounts of energy.
• Fraction distillation equipment keeps the pure fraction and disposes of the rest.
• Biodegradation releases CO2 slower than incineration and uses less energy.
• Diluting solvent with water slows down the release of CO2 and uses less energy.
• Viruses are considered living, while bacteria are considered non-living.
• Environmental Impact of Medication includes the impact of Nuclear Waste, such as High Level Waste and Low Level Waste.
• Neutralise the excess acid with antacids, a combination of compounds of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum as active ingredients, or traditional treatments such as baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate), aloe vera juice or ginger root tea.
• Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells, and rely on the host cell for replication purposes.
• Nuclear waste, such as High Level Waste, is used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce radiopharmaceuticals.
• High Level Waste is disposed of in the sea or in a landfill.
• Decrease the production in the stomach with Ranitidine, a drug that reduces production of stomach acid, or Omeprazole, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).
• Viruses infect a wider range of hosts than bacteria, including animal, plant, protista, fungi, bacteria, and archaea.
• Environmentally Harmful Solvents include ethers, chlorinated compounds, and aromatic compounds.
• Acid in the stomach is produced by parietal cells, with proton pumps releasing hydrogen ions (H+).
• Treatment for viral infections includes antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines.