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• Excess stomach acid can cause burning sensation in the chest, abdominal pain or even vomiting, and is described as having 'indigestion', a 'sour stomach' or 'heartburn'.
• Excess acid can irritate and damage the esophagus, causing glands in the esophagus to produce more mucus to "lubricate".
• Excess stomach acid is a common problem that affects people daily and can be alleviated by increasing the stomach pH or reducing its secretion.
• The stomach produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) to help with the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates (sugars) and to kill any bacteria that might be consumed in slightly spoiled food, protecting you from food poisoning.
• Factors increasing stomach acid include a diet high in spicy, fatty or acidic foods, stress, lack of sleep or certain medical conditions, and eating very large meals or lying down after eating.
• Omeprazole requires liver metabolism before its active metabolite affects acid secretion, taking up to 24 hours for onset.
• Both omeprazole and ranitidine function to reduce the amount of stomach acid produced.
• The active metabolite of omeprazole covalently binds to the proton pump.
• Omeprazole binds to the proton pump, creating a covalent bond that inhibits the release of hydrogen ions into the stomach.
• Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).
• Omeprazole provides longer-lasting effects, lasting 1-3 days for a single dose compared to ranitidine.
• Both omeprazole and ranitidine are taken orally.
• For chronic issues, omeprazole prevents potential damage to the stomach lining, which could lead to ulcers.
• Omeprazole has a polar functional group, while ranitidine has a charged structure.
• Three receptors in the parietal cells that must all be activated to produce and release stomach acid are the histamine receptor, gastrin receptor, and acetylcholine receptors.
• Interfering with the action of any of these receptors will stop acid production and release chloride ions (Cl-) via a separate pump.
• Neutralise the excess acid with antacids, a combination of compounds of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum as active ingredients.
• Traditional treatments for excess acid include baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate), aloe vera juice or ginger root tea.
• Decrease the production in the stomach with Ranitidine, a drug that reduces production of stomach acid.
• Omeprazole are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that decrease the production of acid in the stomach.
• Acid in the stomach is produced by parietal cells, with proton pumps releasing hydrogen ions (H+) and the proton pump actively transports H+ against its natural concentration gradient.
• Chloride ions (Cl-) are released via a separate pump.
• Ranitidine belongs to the drug group of antagonists that inhibits activity in cells.
• Omeprazole and ranitidine are both solutions to reducing acid production in the stomach.
• Equilibrium shifts occur: left to consume excess acid, right to replenish acid, ensuring stomach pH remains within the 1 to 3 range during digestion.
• Omeprazole's delayed onset of action is due to liver processing before influencing stomach acid secretion.
• Omeprazole, a PPI, inhibits excess acid by irreversibly binding to proton pumps and preventing the release of hydrogen ions.
• The Henderson-Hasselbalch formula calculates stomach pH in this buffer system, involving reversible reactions with carbonic acid, water, bicarbonate ions, and hydronium ions.
• The stomach maintains a pH range of 1 to 3 through a buffer system using hydrogen carbonate ions.
• Covalent binding to the proton pump provides prolonged effects, making PPIs like omeprazole suitable for chronic acid issues, preventing stomach lining damage and ulcers.
• Ranitidine prevents the production of stomach acid by binding to the H2 histamine receptors that produce it.
• Which medication would they likely use and why?
• Ranitidine is generally consumed orally because it is a charged structure and is able to be dissolved in water in granules or tablets.
• Ranitidine can only operate once processed by the liver (in its active metabolite state) so it takes 4-6 hrs to work.
• A patient has been diagnosed with chronic stomach acid problems.
• Antacids are able to effectively neutralize the pH of stomach acids in a short period of time.
• These receptors are found in parietal cells.
• Omeprazole's polar functional groups ensure high oral bioavailability.
• PPIs, particularly omeprazole, are more effective than H2 receptor antagonists (like ranitidine) in significantly reducing stomach acid production.
• Neutralise excess acid by dropping one antacid tablet into the HCl solution and waiting for a duration of 30 mins.