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• High Level Waste (HLW) is nuclear waste that gives off a lot of radiation over a long period of time, has a long half-life, and generates heat.
• Low Level Waste (LLW) is short term, small amounts of ionizing radiation, contains less radioactive content than HLW, and can be transported to a central storage facility and stored in dry storage.
• Solvent disposal is a growing environmental problem.
• Incineration releases CO2 at a quick rate and uses high amounts of energy.
• Fraction distillation equipment keeps the pure fraction and disposes of the rest.
• Biodegradation releases CO2 slower than incineration and uses less energy.
• Diluting solvent with water slows down the release of CO2 and uses less energy.
• Environmental Impact of Medication is caused by nuclear waste, such as High Level Waste (HLW) and Low Level Waste (LLW), which are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce radiopharmaceuticals.
• Nuclear waste, such as High Level Waste (HLW) and Low Level Waste (LLW), are generated at nuclear reactors and are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce radiopharmaceuticals.
• Environmental Impact of Medication is also caused by the use of environmentally harmful solvents, such as ethers, chlorinated compounds, and aromatic compounds.
• Left Over Solvent Disposal involves the disposal of hazardous waste bins.
• Basics of Green Chemistry Processes aim to reduce waste and energy to produce safer compounds and limit the use/production of dangerous compounds.
• Principles of Green Chemistry include prevention of waste, atom economy, less hazardous chemical design synthesis, safer and restricted use of solvents, energy efficiency, design for degradation, and steps in synthesis kept to a minimum.
• Basics of Green Chemistry Processes include atom economy, high atom economy, and e-factor.
• Total mass of desired product atoms is calculated by subtracting the total mass of all products from the total mass of reactant atoms.
• Total mass of desired product atoms is calculated by dividing the total mass of reactant atoms by the total mass of all products.
• Total mass of desired product atoms is calculated by dividing the total mass of reactant atoms by the total mass of desired products.
• Antibiotics are incinerated on site at hospitals but dangerous compounds like dioxins can be generated in the process.
• Overexposure to antibiotics causes bacteria to adapt, increase compounds like penicillinase that destroy the beta-lactam ring rendering the antibiotic useless, and reproduce and become difficult to control.
• High level waste is then dry stored in steel cylinders for the rest of its’ 10 half lives buried underground in geological repositories.
• Anticipated lifetime global revenues from a newly developed drug are estimated at $200 billion.
• Expected costs to develop a new drug can range from $200 million to $2.5 billion.
• Policies that affect the supply/demand for prescription drugs include patent expiration, reimbursement, and pricing.
• Governing a drug that involves different organic reactions can vary by different regions and countries.
• Reduce The Risk of Antibiotic Resistance by speaking with a healthcare professional about the right treatment and how to use antibiotics properly, taking steps to learn how to prevent antibiotic resistance with friends and family.
• Pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to do research on rare diseases that will not provide them with significant financial profit.
• Antibiotics are injected in animals to prevent infections and the excreted waste can contain antibiotic resistant bacteria and unmetabolized antibiotics which flow into water systems.
• Animal manure is then applied to farming fields which puts harmful bacteria into crops.
• High level waste is wet stored underwater for 5-10 years because HLW gets very hot when decaying.
• The pacific yew tree which is the source of the chemotherapy drug Taxol is facing extinction due to overharvesting and fuelwood but it can be controlled.
• Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
• Antibiotic Resistance is when bacteria that cause illness become resistant to the antibiotic drugs used to treat them.
• Causes of Antibiotic Resistance include giving antibiotics to animals or humans who do not need it, taking antibiotics in ways other than prescribed, self medication or antibiotic sharing, and taking antibiotics for a sicknesses that is not caused by bacteria.
• Low level waste can decay for 10 half lives or be incarcerated/combusted.
• Balancing ethical concerns that appear to be at odds with each other when trying to formulate a solution to the problem can be challenging.