Animal Transport

• Double circulation features low pressure to the lungs and high pressure to the rest of the body (unsure)
• The steps of a heartbeat:

  
  

  1. Atriums fill with blood from vena cava & pulmonary vein
  2. Heart muscles are relaxed
  3. Atrio-ventricular valves open
  4. Blood from atrium fills ventricles
  5. Pocket valves are closed so no backflow occurs
  6. Heart muscles contract
  7. Atrioventicular valves close
  8. Pocket valves are open
  9. Blood goes from the ventricle to the arteries
• Coronary heart disease is when there are blockages in coronary artery which supplies heart muscles with oxygen and nutrients
• When coronary heart disease occurs the heart muscles cannot contract and this leads to heart attacks / cardiac arrest
• Causes of coronary heart disease include smoking, fatty diet filled with saturated fats and cholesterol, obesity, genes, and stress
• Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by hormonal glands that alter the activity of 1 or more organs and then is destroyed by the liver
• Adreanaline is the fight of flight hormone
• Adrenealine lleads to an increased heart rate for more respiration, the blood vessels in currently not as essential parts of your body contract so more blood flows to the brain and relevant muscles ie. legs, and more glucose is released to the liver also for more respiration
• The 3 types of blood vessels are veins, arteries, and capillaries
• hepatic has to do with the heart and liver
• renal has to do with the heart and kidney
• vena cava and aorta have to do with the heart and the whole body
• pulmonary has to do with the lungs and heart
• capillaries have a very narrow lumen and are very thin. their job is to supply cells with requirements and take away waste products.
• capillaries are so thin because shorter distance to be travelled = faster transfer
• veins carry blood to the heart and are thin with wide lumens, the width leads to low pressure for blood flow and they have valves that prevent backflow
• arteries carry blood from the heart and are thick and strong with a narrow lumen and are capable of stretching & recoil. this is due to the strength and elasticity needed to resist the pressure leaving the heart.
• the four components of blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, plaelets, and plasma.
• capillaries have enough space for exactly one red blood cell
• red blood cells have no nucleus and carry haemoglobin.
• red blood cells carry oxygen
• white blood cells fight infections. there are two main types:

  phagocytes and lymphocytes
• platelets are important for blood clotting
• plasma contains dissolved carbon dioxide, urea, body cells, ions, nutrients, and hormones
• the process of clotting follows as such: wound forms, chemicals released by platelets and damaged tissue, solluble protein fribinage becomes fibrin (insolluble) that forms fibre mesh across wounds, red blood cells and platelets get trapped in mesh.
• phagocyte steps diagram:

  A) microbe

  B) phagocyte

  C) ingestion

  D) phagosome

  E) phagosome

  F) lyosome

  G) phagolyosome

  H) digestion

  I) enzymes

  J) residual body

  K) indigestible

  L) discharge

  
• antibodies bind to and recognize specific antigens
• antigens are foreign and stimulate the production of antibodies
• pathogen: a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
• each antibody is specific to each antigen/pathogen and are made to bind to and destroy said antigen
• vaccines are a weak or dead form of antigen that is injected to produce antibodies and a memory cell. this leads to future reactions to the antigen occuring faster and greater quantities of antibodies when pathogen enters, and the body already has formed a memory cell.
• a memory cell is a long-lived immune cell capable of recognizing foreign particles they were previously exposed to
• all carbohydrates, proteins, and fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• protein contains an additional element of hydrogen
• carbs are used for energy and their base buuilding block is glucose which turns into maltose which turns into either starch or glycogen
• proteins are for growth and repair and their base building blocks are amino acids
• fats are for energy and insulation and they contain 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
• catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up
• enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyze break down and build up reactions
• when starch is present iodine turns black