Pathology week 2

• What is the term for a mass of material in the vascular system that can block a vessel?

  Embolus
• What is the most common source of embolism?

  Dislodged thrombus
• How does the outcome of an embolism depend on its origin?

  It depends on where they lodge
• What is the most common type of embolism?

  Pulmonary embolism
• What percentage of pulmonary emboli are small and clinically silent?

  60% to 80%
• What is the primary source of pulmonary embolism?

  Deep leg vein thrombosis
• What can a pulmonary embolism cause if it blocks a middle-sized vessel?

  Pulmonary hemorrhage
• What can multiple pulmonary emboli over time lead to?

  Pulmonary hypertension
• Where do systemic arterial emboli primarily arise from?

  Intracardiac mural thrombi
• What is the general consequence of arterial emboli?

  Tissue infarction
• What are common sites for systemic arterial emboli to lodge?

  Spleen, brain, intestine, kidney
• What is an infarct?

  Area of ischemic necrosis
• What is the primary cause of nearly 99% of infarcts?

  Thrombotic or embolic events
• What shape do lung infarcts typically have?

  Wedge-shaped
• How are infarcts classified based on their color?

  White, red, septic, bland
• What major factors influence the outcome of an infarction?

  Vascular supply, occlusion rate, hypoxia vulnerability
• What is the appearance of an infarcted area within the first 6 hours?

  No visible changes
• When is leukocytic infiltration most prominent in a myocardial infarct?

  2 to 4 days after occlusion
• What is shock characterized by?

  Systemic hypotension
• What are the main causes of shock?

  Cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, septic

  
• What is cardiogenic shock caused by?

  Low cardiac output due to heart failure

  
• What results in hypovolaemic shock?

  Loss of blood or plasma volume
• What causes septic shock?

  Vasodilatation and blood pooling
• What is the correct answer to the MCQ about a thrombus that has broken loose?

  An embolism
• How many litres of blood does a healthy 70 kg adult male contain?

  5 litres
• What is inflammation a biological reaction to?

  Noxious stimuli like microbes and trauma
• What is the fundamental purpose of inflammation?

  To protect the body from injury
• What are the two main types of inflammation?

  Acute and Chronic Inflammation
• What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

  Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain

  
• What is the fifth sign of inflammation added by Virchow?

  Loss of function
• What is the primary purpose of acute inflammation?

  To deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins
• What triggers acute inflammation?

  Infection, trauma, burns, allergic reactions
• How long does acute inflammation typically last?

  Hours to days
• What are the two main reactions involved in acute inflammation?

  Vascular and cellular reactions
• What are the three major components of acute inflammation?

  Vascular dilation, structural changes, leukocyte emigration

  
• What is the effect of vascular dilation in acute inflammation?

  Increases blood flow, causing heat and redness
• What mediators induce vessel dilation?

  Histamine, Bradykinin, Nitric Oxide
• What is a hallmark of acute inflammation?

  Increased vascular permeability
• What causes edema in acute inflammation?

  Plasma fluid and protein escaping circulation
• What is the process of leukocyte movement from blood vessels called?

  Extravasation