English for academic purposes

• visual graphic aid - according to barrot and sipacio visual can be classified into 6 groups as shown below
• technical pieces of writing have two main kinds of material  

  1. The written portion of the document the prose
  2. graphic material that supports the prose.
• charts- uses lines, boxes, and arrows when presenting data
• two most common charts are

  1. organizational chart
  2. flow chart
• organizational chart also called organigram and organogram which can be found in many offices
• flow chart - tells about the processess order and steps
• tables - as systematic arrangement or data usually in rows and columns for ready references
• graphs - are meant to be focused on the data in question and how they trend
• diagrams - a drawing that shows arrangement and relation, graphic design that explain rather than represent
• venn diagram - is probably one of the most popular types of diagram due to its simplicity yet ability to summarizes details.
• visual images - are pictures or photographs providing visual images to reports and concept paper can surely support and in some cases add information
• maps - can be common addition repots especially when presenting idea about places or areas.
• manifesto - is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer
• major categories of manifesto

  1. goal
  2. list and rules
  3. world
• goal - can be a manifesto when we share it with other people its public, it about one's intends to have happen
• list and rules - containing set of rules for bejaving within a specific cobtext or a list of items to be achiened ot task to be fulfilled
• world - aims to create a new world it's not about simple rules, instead it represent a vision for the future
• manifesto or the writer of manifesto aims for a change in state or in other words the author is trying to convince the reader to believe the concept that he/she is trying to convey by giving argumentz or logical reason that will catch the attention of the reader
• a statement can only be considered an arguments if it presents proof or evidence however if does not it is only a mere opinion.
• arguments - defined as a reason of the reasoning given for or against a matter under discussion - compare, evidence, proof
• topic sentence is equal to the main argument
• stand - view point
• claim - these are statements that supports the authors stand arguments
• evidences - these are proofs or evidence to strengthen the autjors claim
• fallacy - an error reasoning which weakens an arguments
• counter claim - arguments opposing stand
• three important elements in making an arguments

  1. stand
  2. claim arguments
  3. credible sources
• false dilemma - occurs when an arguments as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities
• appeal to ignorance - occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false and vise versa
• slippery slope - occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
• complex Question - occurs when two or more points re rolled into one nd the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while other is not
• appeal to force - occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to argue
• appeal to pity - occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning
• appeal to consequence - occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing some thing are pointed out to show that the believe is false
• bandwagon. - occurs wben an arguments is considered valid because it is what the majority thinks
• attacking the person - occurs when someone tries to refute an arguments by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument
• appeal to authority - occurs when the argument quotes an expert whos not qualified in the particular subject matter
• anonymous authority - the authority in question is not mentioned or named
• hasty generalization - occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about the population
• false analogy - occurs when a writer assumes that the two concepts that are similar in so many ways are also similar in other ways