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A-level Psychology
Attachment
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
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Cards (58)
What are the variations in children's interactions with their mothers?
Some are independent, others are clingy
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What is the focus of Mary Ainsworth's research?
To categorize early attachment styles
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What technique did Ainsworth develop to assess attachment?
The Strange Situation
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What did Ainsworth's research find about attachment styles across cultures?
Similarities
and
differences
in attachment styles
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What behaviors indicate the strength of an infant's attachment?
Closeness to mother,
anxiety
around strangers
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What does using the mother as a secure base mean?
Infants
return to
mother
for
reassurance
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What is a key behavior of insecure avoidant attachment?
Limited distress upon
mother's
return
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How do mothers of insecure avoidant infants typically behave?
They show less
responsiveness
to needs
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What characterizes secure type B attachment?
Confidence in exploration and moderate
anxiety
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What is a behavior of insecure resistant type C infants?
Clinginess and high
anxiety
around strangers
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What does the Strange Situation assess?
Infant
and mother responses to separation
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How does the Strange Situation evaluate separation anxiety?
By observing
infant
reactions when alone
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What is the significance of the structured observational technique in the Strange Situation?
It allows for controlled assessment of
behaviors
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What percentage of infants were securely attached in Ainsworth's study?
Approximately
66%
of the sample
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What is a limitation of the Strange Situation regarding cultural bias?
It may not apply to all cultural
contexts
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What does the term imposed etic refer to?
Applying one culture's
norms
to all cultures
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What did Kagan argue about attachment styles?
They may reflect
biological temperament
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What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis focus on?
Attachment styles
across
eight
countries
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What was a key finding of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?
Secure attachment
was the most prevalent type
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How did cultural differences affect attachment styles in the study?
Influenced
parenting practices
and attachment behaviors
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What percentage of securely attached infants was found in the UK?
75%
of the sample
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What does the term cultural bias imply in attachment research?
Assuming one culture's
norms
are superior
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What is a limitation of the sample size in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
Some
countries
had only one study represented
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What does the term "cultural monolith" refer to in attachment studies?
Assuming cultures are uniform
without diversity
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How does the large sample size in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study benefit the findings?
It dilutes the impact of
poorly conducted
studies
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What is a criticism of the Strange Situation's environment?
It doesn't mimic a familiar
home setting
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What did Simonelli's study find about modern Italian infants?
Reduction
in
securely attached
infants
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What does the dominance of secure attachment suggest about parenting?
It may be an
inherited
biological drive
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What is a significant limitation of the findings from Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
Variation within
countries
was larger than
between
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How does cultural bias affect the interpretation of attachment styles?
It risks mislabeling behaviors as
insecure
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Who devised the Strange Situation to observe attachment in infants?
Mary Ainsworth
et al.
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What was the purpose of the Strange Situation?
To observe the
quality
of attachment in
infants
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How many infants were observed in the Strange Situation study?
106
infants
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What was the structure of the research room used in the Strange Situation?
Marked into a
grid
of
16
squares
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How long was each episode in the Strange Situation?
Three minutes
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What methods were used to collect data during the Strange Situation?
One-way mirror
and video camera
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What types of behaviors were observed in infants during the Strange Situation?
Separation anxiety
,
reunion behavior
,
stranger anxiety
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How many behavioral categories were the infants' behaviors split into?
Five
behavioral categories
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What scale was used to score the intensity of behaviors?
A
1-7 scale
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What does contact-maintaining behavior involve?
Holding and clinging to the
caregiver
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