Module 3

• Valence Electrons - The electrons that are found in the outermost shell of an atom.
• Ions - Atom or molecule with a net of electrical charge.
• Cation - Positively charged ions. Formed when a metal loses its electrons.
• Anion - Negatively charged ions. Formed when a nonmetal loses electrons.
• Octet Rule - Tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.
• Oxidation Number - Total number of electrons that an atom gains/loses to form a chemical bond.
• Criss Cross Method - The number associated with the charge of the first ion is assigned to the second ion and vice-versa.
• Lewis Electron Dot Diagram - Representation of the valence electrons of an atom using dots.
• Chemical Bonding - Lasting attraction between atoms, ions, molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
• Chemical Bonds forms because atoms are trying to reach their most stable state.
• Ionic Bond - Bond between ions with opposite charges. There is transferring of electrons and metals lose electrons.
• Ionic compounds result when metals react with nonmetals.
• Covalent Bond - Formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms. There is no losing or gaining electrons and it has two types (polar and non-polar).
• Covalent compounds result when two nonmetals react together.
• Non-Polar Covalent Bond - Two atoms of the same element share electrons.
• Ionic Compounds - Chemical compound composed of ions held by ionic bonding.
• They form crystals, Ionic or Covalent?

  Ionic
• They have high melting and boiling points, Ionic or Covalent?

  Ionic
• They are hard and brittle, Ionic or Covalent?

  Ionic
• High polarity, Ionic or Covalent?

  Ionic
• Polarity - Separation of electric charge.
• Soluble in water, Ionic or Covalent?

  Ionic
• Solubility - Amount that can be dissolved.
• Conducts electricity when dissolved, Ionic or Covalent?

  Ionic
• Covalent Compounds - Shares electrons and held together by covalent bond.
• Has low melting and boiling point, Ionic or Covalent?

  Covalent
• Soft, flexible, and brittle, Ionic or Covalent?

  Covalent
• More flammable, Ionic or Covalent?

  Covalent
• Doesn't conduct electricity when dissolve, Ionic or Covalent?

  Covalent
• Doesn't dissolve well in water, Ionic or Covalent?

  Covalent
• Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon in them.
• Saturated Hydrocarbons - Contain single covalent bonds/alkanes.
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - Hydrocarbons that have multiple covalent bonds/alkenes/alkynes.
• Alkanes Formula: CnH2n+2
• Alkenes Formula: CnH2n
• Alkynes Formula: CnH2n-2