bonding, structure & the properties of matter

• What is ionic bonding?

  Transferring of electrons between elements
• What happens during ionic bonding?

  Ions are formed when electrons are transferred
• How many outer shell electrons does chlorine have?

  Seven outer shell electrons
• How many electrons does magnesium need to lose to complete its outer shell?

  Two electrons
• What charge does magnesium have after losing electrons?

  Mg²⁺
• Why does magnesium become Mg²⁺ after losing electrons?

  It loses negative charges, becoming more positive
• What charge do chlorine atoms have after gaining electrons?

  Cl^-
• What is covalent bonding?

  Sharing of electrons between atoms
• How many outer shell electrons does nitrogen have?

  Five outer shell electrons
• How many outer shell electrons does hydrogen have?

  One outer shell electron
• How does nitrogen help hydrogen complete its outer shell?

  Nitrogen shares electrons with hydrogen
• What is metallic bonding?

  Involves delocalized electrons in metals
• What do delocalized electrons do in metallic bonding?

  They are attracted to positive metal ions
• What are the properties of ionic structures?

  • High melting and boiling points
  • Conduct electricity when melted
  • Form giant ionic lattices
• Why do giant ionic lattices have high melting points?

  Strong collective electrostatic forces
• When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When melted, not as solids
• What are the properties of covalent structures?

  • Low melting and boiling points (simple molecular)
  • Typically gases or liquids at room temperature
  • Do not conduct electricity
• What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

  High melting and boiling points
• What are the properties of metals?

  • Mostly solid at room temperature
  • Good heat and electrical conductors
  • Malleable and can form alloys
• What is a polymer?

  A long chain of repeating units
• What are the repeating units in a polymer called?

  Monomers
• How do longer chains of polymers affect melting and boiling points?

  Higher melting and boiling points
• What are the states of matter?

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• What is the process of melting?

  Solid to liquid transition
• What is evaporation?

  Liquid to gas transition
• What is condensation?

  Gas to liquid transition
• What is freezing?

  Liquid to solid transition
• What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases?

  • Solids: Fixed positions, vibrate to transfer energy
  • Liquids: Fit container, constant movement, weaker forces
  • Gases: Fill container, random motion, very weak forces
• How do atoms behave in a solid when heated?

  They vibrate to transfer energy
• How do liquids behave in a container?

  They fit the base of their container
• How do gases behave in a container?

  They fill any container completely
• What happens to forces when a solid turns into a liquid?

  Most forces are broken
• What happens to forces when a liquid turns into a gas?

  Many forces are destroyed
• What is the next topic after bonding structure and properties of matter?

  Quantitative chemistry
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