the rate and extent of chemical changes

• What does the rate of a chemical reaction refer to?

  How fast reactants change into products
• What are the four factors affecting the rate of reaction?

  Temperature, surface area, concentration, catalyst
• How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher temperature increases particle energy and speed
• What happens to the surface area to volume ratio when a block is broken into smaller pieces?

  It increases, allowing more collisions
• How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher concentration means more particles and collisions
• What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

  It reduces the activation energy required
• What are the three ways to measure the rate of reaction?

  1. Precipitation and color change
  2. Volume of gas produced
  3. Change in mass
• How can precipitation and color change be used to measure reaction rate?

  By timing how long a visual change takes
• How does the volume of gas produced indicate the rate of reaction?

  More gas produced means a faster reaction
• How can change in mass be measured during a reaction?

  By using a mass balance to track weight loss
• How do you use graphs to measure the rate of reaction?

  1. Draw a tangent at a specific time point
  2. Find two coordinates on the tangent
  3. Calculate the change in Y and X values
  4. Use the formula: rate = change in Y / change in X
• What does a reversible reaction reach in a closed system?

  Equilibrium
• What symbol represents a reversible reaction?

  Half arrow going forwards and backwards
• How does a reversible reaction proceed?

  Reactants form products, which can revert back
• What does a closed system mean in the context of reversible reactions?

  No changes or additions are made during the reaction
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  The system counteracts changes in conditions
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reversible reaction?

  Equilibrium shifts to the other side
• What happens if pressure is decreased in a reversible reaction?

  Equilibrium shifts to produce more heat
• What is the next topic after the rate and extent of chemical change?

  Organic chemistry
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