attachement

• What is attachment defined as?

  A close emotional bond between individuals
• What are the two key components of caregiver-infant interactions?

  • Reciprocity
  • Interactional synchrony
• What does reciprocity in mother-infant interaction refer to?

  Both respond to each other's signals
• How does interactional synchrony manifest between mother and infant?

  They reflect each other's actions and emotions
• What was the aim of Meltzoff and Moore's (1977) study?

  To investigate interactional synchrony age
• At what age did Meltzoff and Moore observe interactional synchrony?

  As young as 2 weeks old
• What did Meltzoff and Moore find regarding adult expressions and infant responses?

  There was an association between them
• What is the significance of the primary caregiver in attachment?

  They are essential for emotional security
• What did Grossmann's longitudinal study reveal about fathers in attachment?

  Fathers play a different role in attachment
• How did Tiffany Field's research contribute to understanding fathers as attachment figures?

  Primary caregiver fathers showed more nurturing behavior
• What does Grossman's research suggest about the importance of fathers?

  Fathers are not particularly important as attachment figures
• What is interactional synchrony?

  A two-way interaction between caregiver and infant
• What is reciprocity in the context of infant interactions?

  Verbal signals and facial expressions
• What limitation exists in observing infant interactions?

  It's difficult to know what infants mean
• Why is the controlled observation of infants a strength?

  It ensures valid and reliable behavior recording
• What is a limitation of observations into caregiver-infant interactions?

  They don't explain the purpose of synchrony
• What are the four stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  1. Asocial stage (0-6 weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate stage (6 weeks to 7 months)
  3. Specific attachments (7-12 months)
  4. Multiple attachments (from 10 months)
• What is the asocial stage of attachment?

  Lasts up to 6 weeks, no preference
• What occurs during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Preference for people over objects
• What characterizes the specific attachment stage?

  Strong separation anxiety displayed
• What happens in the multiple attachment stage?

  Increased interest in developing multiple attachments
• What limitation exists in studying babies in the asocial stage?

  They have poor coordination and are immobile
• What cultural difference is noted in Schaffer’s stages of attachment?

  Different cultures form attachments at different times
• What was the aim of Lorenz's research on imprinting?

  To study attachment in geese
• What did Harlow's research demonstrate about infant attachment?

  Infants prefer comfort over food
• What is the critical period for Harlow's monkeys?

  90 days for normal attachment
• What are the evaluation points for attachment research?

  • Attachment offers a survival mechanism (Lorenz)
  • Harlow's research contradicts learning theory
• What is the conclusion regarding fathers' roles in attachment?

  Based on the level of attachment relationship