Nucleic Acid

• What is the basic unit/ building blocks of nucleic acid?

  Nucleotide
• Whos is a swiss physiologist and discovered nucleic acid in 1869?

  Friedrich Miescher
• Nucleic acid found in cell nuclei and are acidic
• Nucleic Acid are made up of?

  CHONP
• What makes up the nucleoside?

  Base and sugar
• What makes up the nucleotides?

  Base, sugar and phosphate
• Pentose ribose of RNA have oxygen on 2nd carbon
• Pentose 2'-deoxyribose of DNA have no oxygen on 2nd carbon
• What is the 3 pyrimidine, a monocyclic base with six-membered ring?

  Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
• What is the 2 purine, a bicyclic base with fused five- and sic- membered rings?

  Adenine and Guanine
• Phosphate is derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
• All residues in the DNA/RNA carry a negative charge in physiologic pH
• What is a two sub-unit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bounded to a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base?

  Nucleoside
• A molecule of water is formed as the 3 molecules bond together

  Condensation reaction
• A nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contain ribose, occurs in all parts of a cell

  RNA
• A nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, found within the cell nucleus, primary function is the storage and transfer of genetic information?

  DNA
• Directionality: 5' end is free phosphate group
• Directionality: 3' end is free hydroxyl group
• How many hydrogen bonds does Adenine-Thymine have?

  2
• How many hydrogen bonds does Guanine-Cytosine have?

  3
• Combination of two single bonds or also called the double helix?

  Watson-Crick model
• Nature of two polynucleotide chain in DNA double helix means that there is a 5' end and a 3' end at both ends of double helix

  Anti-parallel
• Pairs of bases in a nucleic acid structure that can hydrogen bond to each other

  Complementary bases
• Heterogenous nuclear RNA is a raw product produced during transcription
• hnRNA both have exons and introns
• RNA that carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis, has only coding regions and produced during post-transcription process where introns are removed from hnRNA

  Messenger RNA
• RNA that facilitates the conversion of heterogenous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA and acts as spliceosome to cut off the introns from hnRNA

  Small nuclear RNA
• RNA that combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes, the physical site for protein synthesis. Has large and small unit ribosome

  Ribosomal RNA
• RNA that delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis. Smallest RNA and contains anticodons that are complimentary to codons in the mRNA

  Transfer RNA
• Error in base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication

  Mutation
• Give 2 types of mutation

  Point mutation and frameshift mutation.
• A substance or a agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene, is either physical, chemical or biological

  Mutagen
• A small particle that contains DNA or RNA (but not both). Surrounded by a coat of protein and cannot reproduce without the aid of a host cell

  Virus
• Method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence

  Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Unwinding of strands and removal of hydrogen bonds from bases

  Denaturation
• Annealing is putting in primers
• Addition of nucleotides to form the strand of DNA

  Extension