South Africa key topic 2

• The Anglican Church members, such as Reeves, who had seen the plight of Africans from their schools, and who saw this as against the word of God, were a key part of the AAM.
• The ANC and PAC radicalised after 1960.
• South Africa became a republic in 1961.
• The Armaments Production Board was set up in 1964 with R33m.
• The three weaknesses of the South African economy were the requirement of foreign investment, need for import of heavy machinery for mining, and entire reliance on foreign oil.
• In 1960, there were 200 attacks by the African Resistance Movement, a breakaway from the Liberal Party, with most arrests by 1964, resulting in the execution of John Harris in 1965 for bombing the Johannesburg railway station.
• Independence in the Bantustans was merely a reservoir for cheap labour in South Africa, with Bantustans being many sections rather than one tribe, and no other nation recognition of their independence and chiefs assassinated like Mabuza of Tembo tribe by Poqo in 1962.
• The UN called for the defendants to be released, dockworkers refused to handle South African goods, Congressmen MPs and Brezhnev called for clemency, and 50 MPs protested in London.
• Poqo ended after a list of all members was found by the NP in 1963, with 2000 arrested, finishing the organisation, and Leballo resigned in 1969.
• British investment in South Africa included banks such as Barclays that controlled 60% of bank deposits.
• In 1980, the bottom 40% held only 6% of wealth.
• Ghana and Guinea were decolonised in 1957 and 1958, and Bantustans were seen as an apartheid version of decolonization.
• The Rivonia Trial became so one-sided due to the discovery of 250 pieces of evidence showing a plan for violence, including Operation Mayibuye (guerilla war), in Liliesleaf Farm.
• In 1967, the African National Congress (ANC) allied with ZAPU of Rhodesia, with little success, gaining some good experience in the Wankie campaign, but it was not sustainable.
• The economy was damaged after Sharpeville due to the exodus of white professionals fearing civil war, and some de-investment.
• In 1960, 3.1m whites made up 3.8m, mainly due to immigration.
• The National Executive of ANC was only blacks, while the Revolutionary Council for MK was multi-racial.
• Matanzima was able to ban groups due to a constant state of emergency and Proclamation R400.
• During the Rivonia Trial, Mandela made a 4-hour impassioned speech, more to convert others than to save themselves, and was sent to Robben Island with the National Party (NP) hope they’d be forgotten.
• The changes of 1969 were made at the Morogoro Conference in Tanzania.
• The defence budget in 1961 and 1966 was R44m and then R260m.
• Women became more empowered in jobs such as domestic servant, selling beer or small business running during the 1960s, but higher education was blocked off.
• The first self-governing homeland, Transkei, was set up in 1963.
• The politics of the Transkei were led by Kaiser Matanzima who led to Transkei National Independence Party and were able to lose the election of 1963 yet appoint minister ex-officio to retain power.
• The creation of homelands helped Transkei by increasing funding.
• Reddy, an Indian who worked against apartheid in the UN alongside African and Asian nations
• Issues with the SA economy in the 1960s included reliance on mining and agriculture, low productivity, and a lack of skilled workers.
• The 1960s were strong for white SA with a 50% wage increase, 4th in per capita car ownership, leisure and freedom.
• SA was removed from FIFA and the Olympics in 1963 and 1964.
• Government funding of black housing was aided by the Native Building Workers Act of 1951 which allowed for skilled blacks to work on African houses, particularly in townships and betterment villages.
• European immigrants were encouraged to come to SA due to the rise of the NP and the decrease in white population to 17% by 1968.
• In 1960, 1.5 million Africans were in the cities, and by 1970 this number had increased to over 6 million as the Bantustans were not invested in well enough.
• Apartheid could be described as a floating colour bar, changing based on need.
• The D’Oliveira incident occurred in 1968, where Vorster banned the team from travelling to SA after D’Oliveira was selected.
• Per capita income increased for blacks by 23% during the 1960s.
• Vorster was the Minister of Justice, seen as vital during ANC and PAC crackdowns of 1963.
• The SA economy grew over 5% a year during the 1960s, better than some richer countries but not as strong as some Asian and South American countries.
• African groups that grew during the 1960s socially included Stokvels, women’s groups and churches which grouped together Africans in the townships - growth of black identity.
• Drum magazine raised women’s issues by featuring sexy pictures on the front pages and Mary Serfontein’s commentary on SA life.
• In 1965, An African Bourgeoisie by Leo Kuper, a study of Zulu people showing them not to be tribal but adapting, highlighted the strength of black economic strength.