Pharmacology

• Drug interactions occur when two or more drugs react with each other, altering the way they work or causing harmful effects.
• Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic (water pill). It is used to help reduce the amount of water in the body by increasing the flow of urine.
• Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat edema associated with a number of conditions, and hypertension.
• Furosemide belongs to a group of medicines called loop diuretics (also known as water pills).
• Furosemide is given to help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling that is caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.
• Lithium Carbonate is used in the treatment of Depression and Anxiety.
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are used in the treatment of Depression and Anxiety.
• Serotonin Syndrome is a potential adverse reaction to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
• Dopamine/ Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors are used in the treatment of Depression and Anxiety.
• First Generation Antipsychotic Drugs are used in the treatment of Schizophrenia.
• Adverse Reaction to Benzodiazepines can occur in the treatment of Insomnia.
• Anti-Diabetic Drugs are used in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
• Causes of Diabetes Mellitus include medical conditions and lifestyle factors.
• Types of Diabetes Mellitus include Type 1 and Type 2.
• Complications of DM Type 1 and Type 2 include heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
• Management of DM Type 1 and Type 2 includes diet, exercise, and medication.
• Insulin is a common medication used in the management of DM Type 1 and Type 2.
• Interpreting CBG result is important in the management of DM Type 1 and Type 2.
• Signs and Symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are important in the management of DM Type 1 and Type 2.
• Management for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in the context of DM Type 1 and Type 2 includes diet, exercise, and medication.
• Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat edema associated with a number of conditions, and hypertension.
• Tolterodine belongs to a group of medicines called anticholinergic medicines.
• Overactive bladder is a condition in which the bladder muscles contract uncontrollably and cause frequent urination, urgent need to urinate, and inability to control urination.
• Other adverse reactions include skin photosensitivity, interstitial nephritis, tinnitus, ototoxicity, deafness, and in patients with renal failure who receive high doses, myalgias, and muscle soreness.
• Side-effects of thiazide diuretics are uncommon, as the dose needed to lower blood pressure is low.
• Loop diuretics are medications used in the management and treatment of fluid overload conditions such as heart failure, nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosis, and hypertension, in addition to edema.
• Tolterodine is used to treat overactive bladder.
• Thiazide diuretics are a common treatment for high blood pressure (hypertension) and are also occasionally used to clear fluid from the body in conditions where the body accumulates too much fluid, such as heart failure.
• Tolterodine works on specialized cells to reduce the activity of the bladder and help control urination.
• Adverse effects for loop diuretics typically occur from electrolyte imbalances secondary to the diuresis effects, which include: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, prerenal azotemia, dehydration, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia, gout, restlessness, headache, dizziness, vertigo, postural hypotension, and syncope.
• These effects may cause weakness, confusion and, rarely, abnormal heart rhythms to develop.
• Common or serious possible side-effects of thiazide diuretics include a possible increase in blood sugar level and a possible increase in the level of uric acid.
• The salt balance in the bloodstream can sometimes be upset which can cause a low blood level of potassium, sodium and magnesium, and a high level of calcium.
• Hydrochlorothiazide is indicated alone or in combination for the management of edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy.
• Hydrochlorothiazide is also indicated alone or in combination for the management of hypertension.
• Diphenylpyraline is an antihistamine used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, hay fever, and allergic skin disorders.
• Potassium-sparing diuretics for children include Spironolactone which helps the heart to work better and reduces the workload by increasing urine output.
• Care is necessary to check electrolytes while the patient is on a diuretic periodically.
• Antihistamines are medicines often used to relieve symptoms of allergies, such as hay fever, hives, conjunctivitis and reactions to insect bites or stings.
• Sedation, antimuscarinic effects, CNS depression and disturbances, occasionally paradoxical CNS stimulation, psychomotor impairment, headache, palpitations and arrhythmias are potential adverse reactions of antihistamines.