RESP

• What is acute bronchitis?

  Inflammation of bronchial tubes
• What usually causes acute bronchitis?

  Viral infections
• What does increased mucus production in acute bronchitis lead to?

  Narrowing of the airways
• How does airway obstruction occur in acute bronchitis?

  Inflammation and mucus cause obstruction
• What are common signs of acute bronchitis?

  Cough, sputum production, chest discomfort
• What is pneumonia?

  Acute inflammatory response in lungs
• What happens during the inflammatory response in pneumonia?

  Pus accumulates in alveoli
• How does pneumonia affect gas exchange?

  Compromises gas exchange in alveoli
• What are the types of pneumonia?

  • Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
  • Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
  • Aspiration Pneumonia
  • Atypical Pneumonia
  • Viral Pneumonia
  • Fungal Pneumonia
• What is Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?


  Pneumonia acquired outside healthcare facilities
• What are symptoms of CAP?

  Fever, cough, shortness of breath
• What is Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)?

  Pneumonia developing after 48 hours in hospital
• What is aspiration pneumonia?

  Pneumonia from inhaling foreign materials
• What are signs of aspiration pneumonia?

  Cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
• What characterizes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

  Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• What defines chronic bronchitis?

  Inflammation and narrowing of airways
• What causes chronic bronchitis?

  Long-term exposure to irritants
• What is cyanosis in chronic bronchitis?

  Bluish discoloration due to low oxygen
• What is clubbing of fingers in chronic bronchitis?

  Enlargement and rounding of fingertips
• What causes emphysema?

  Chronic inflammation from irritants
• What happens to alveoli in emphysema?

  Destruction of alveolar walls occurs
• What is dyspnea in emphysema?

  Shortness of breath
• What are common symptoms of emphysema?

  Chronic cough, wheezing, barrel chest
• What characterizes asthma?

  Inflammation and narrowing of airways
• What triggers asthma inflammation?

  Allergens, irritants, infections, exercise
• What is bronchoconstriction in asthma?

  Narrowing of airway lumen
• What are the categories of asthma triggers?

  • Intrinsic (non-allergic): pollutants, stress, exercise
  • Extrinsic (allergic): allergens causing reactions
• What characterizes severe asthma?

  Frequent and severe asthma symptoms
• What are the red flags for life-threatening asthma?

  • Altered consciousness
  • Exhaustion
  • Accessory muscle use
  • Minimal speech
  • Tripod position
  • Cyanosis
  • Silent chest
  • Poor respiratory effort
  • PEF < 33% of best
  • SpO2 < 92%
• What is primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

  Pneumothorax without known respiratory disease
• What causes secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?

  Rupture of air bulla in COPD
• What are signs of tension pneumothorax?

  Tracheal deviation, distended neck veins
• What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

  Blood clot in a vein, usually leg
• What can DVT lead to?

  Pulmonary embolism (PE)
• What triggers the development of a blood clot?

  Venous stasis, vascular injury, hypercoagulability
• How does a blood clot travel to the lungs?

  Through the venous system to the heart
• What anatomical features affect airway management in infants?

  Large head, short neck, prominent occiput
• Why is patient positioning important in infants?

  To manage airway effectively
• What is a characteristic of the respiratory system in infants?

  Small diameter of airways
• What can obstruct airways in infants?

  Mucosal swelling, secretions, foreign body